Supplemental Tables:

Education and The Economy: An Indicators Report

April 1997

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Table A.1. Data for Figure 2.1, Index of real output per hour of all persons, business sector: 1947-94

Year	Index of Output per Hour, Business Sector (1977 = 100)
1947	44.9
1948	47.2
1949	47.7
1950	51.7
1951	53.8
1952	55.4
1953	57.5
1954	58.4
1955	60.1
1956	60.9
1957	62.5
1958	64.4
1959	66.5
1960	67.6
1961	70.0
1962	72.5
1963	75.4
1964	78.7
1965	81.0
1966	83.2
1967	85.5
1968	87.8
1969	87.8
1970	88.4
1971	91.3
1972	94.1
1973	95.9
1974	93.9
1975	95.7
1976	98.3
1977	100.0
1978	100.8
1979	99.6
1980	99.3
1981	100.7
1982	100.3
1983	103.0
1984	105.5
1985	107.7
1986	110.1
1987	111.0
1988	112.1
1989	111.3
1990	112.1
1991	113.6
1992	117.0
1993	118.5
1994	121.3

Notes: Figures for years after 1988 were originally based on 1982=100. They were multiplied by a factor of 1.013 for use in the 1977=100 index. Hours of all persons include hours of employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. Output is the constant-dollar market value of final goods and services produced. For the business sector, the index relates to gross domestic product less general government, output of nonprofit institutions, output of paid employees of private households, and rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Business output was about 78 percent of GDP in 1992.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, based on data from the Current Employment Statistics, the Current Population Survey, and the national income and produce accounts produced by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis..

Table A.2. Data for Figure 2.2, Real GDP per worker in G-7 nations (dollars, based on 1985 international prices): 1950-90

Year	United States	Canada	Italy	France	West Germany	United Kingdom	Japan
1950	$20,496	$16,113	$6,286	$8,772	$7,339	$11,665	$2,595
1951	21,396	16,537	6,772	9,273	7,886	12,071	2,901
1952	21,433	17,323	7,072	9,564	8,548	11,951	3,115
1953	22,087	17,739	7,603	9,778	9,097	12,501	3,255
1954	21,703	17,015	7,874	10,159	9,736	12,937	3,376
1955	23,345	18,156	8,431	10,684	10,943	13,403	3,596
1956	23,449	19,470	8,780	11,461	11,478	13,516	3,804
1957	23,410	19,336	9,141	11,994	11,928	13,719	4,023
1958	22,876	19,072	9,514	12,258	12,211	13,705	4,179
1959	24,157	19,483	10,136	12,637	13,004	14,211	4,477
1960	24,433	19,484	11,063	13,478	13,919	14,754	4,998
1961	24,431	19,316	11,987	14,111	14,527	15,077	5,630
1962	25,318	20,050	12,757	14,857	15,061	15,105	5,929
1963	25,882	20,581	13,541	15,462	15,382	15,639	6,435
1964	26,794	21,354	13,814	16,406	16,413	16,409	7,140
1965	28,051	22,245	14,163	17,027	17,282	16,645	7,333
1966	29,152	23,145	15,037	17,848	17,593	16,895	7,983
1967	29,369	23,294	16,143	18,573	17,507	17,303	8,722
1968	30,192	23,973	17,140	19,261	18,675	17,916	9,714
1969	30,637	24,746	18,244	20,554	20,104	18,063	10,599
1970	30,468	24,906	19,355	21,598	21,251	18,559	11,526
1971	30,690	25,534	19,476	22,323	22,371	18,739	11,874
1972	31,463	26,264	19,838	22,957	23,067	19,345	12,713
1973	32,488	27,426	21,267	24,002	23,956	20,629	13,568
1974	31,402	27,740	22,322	24,386	23,664	20,134	13,212
1975	30,134	27,350	21,359	23,818	23,342	19,843	13,381
1976	31,042	28,241	22,757	24,803	24,722	20,269	13,892
1977	31,869	28,268	23,329	25,419	25,406	20,654	14,436
1978	32,773	28,704	24,067	25,997	26,145	21,341	15,025
1979	32,796	29,191	25,522	26,673	27,257	21,895	15,733
1980	31,698	28,725	26,847	26,810	27,273	21,246	16,284
1981	32,023	29,481	26,571	26,635	26,733	20,842	16,745
1982	30,672	27,733	26,335	26,990	26,138	21,166	17,117
1983	31,379	28,376	26,249	26,763	26,520	21,916	17,408
1984	33,247	29,980	26,745	26,832	27,015	22,370	18,010
1985	33,783	31,147	27,189	27,064	27,252	22,981	18,820
1986	34,342	32,037	27,849	27,645	27,879	23,931	19,130
1987	35,023	33,196	28,589	28,084	28,239	25,016	19,772
1988	36,083	34,521	29,623	29,130	29,152	26,359	20,873
1989	36,859	35,069	30,321	29,879	28,505	26,858	21,691
1990	36,771	34,380	30,797	30,357	29,509	26,755	22,624

SOURCE: Penn World Table (Mark 5.6), distributed by the National Bureau of Economic Research. For a description, see Robert Summers and Alan Heston, "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988," Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1991): 327-368.

Table A.3. Data for Figure 2.3, Coefficient of variation of real GDP per worker among the G-7 nations: 1950-90

Year	Coefficient
1950	0.5429
1951	0.5290
1952	0.5132
1953	0.5032
1954	0.4738
1955	0.4741
1956	0.4623
1957	0.4433
1958	0.4229
1959	0.4193
1960	0.3903
1961	0.3609
1962	0.3573
1963	0.3450
1964	0.3341
1965	0.3404
1966	0.3348
1967	0.3160
1968	0.2988
1969	0.2807
1970	0.2557
1971	0.2518
1972	0.2448
1973	0.2338
1974	0.2294
1975	0.2200
1976	0.2175
1977	0.2136
1978	0.2096
1979	0.1980
1980	0.1862
1981	0.1873
1982	0.1668
1983	0.1652
1984	0.1741
1985	0.1700
1986	0.1683
1987	0.1652
1988	0.1591
1989	0.1569
1990	0.1433

Note: The coefficient of variation is equal to the standard deviation of productivity divided by the mean.

Source: Penn World Table (Mark 5.6), distributed by the National Bureau of Economic Research. For a description, see Robert Summers and Alan Heston, "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988," Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1991): 327-368.

Table A.4. Data for Figure 3.1, Unemployment rates of high school graduates and dropouts not enrolled in college, by educational attainment (percent): 1960-94

Year	Recent School Dropouts	Recent High School Graduates
1960	18.2	15.2
1961	26.8	17.9
1962	28.6	14.1
1963	31.7	18.0
1964	24.8	18.7
1965	21.4	12.4
1966	17.4	14.2
1967	21.0	16.2
1968	21.8	13.5
1969	16.8	11.4
1970	25.5	18.1
1971	26.4	17.2
1972	26.5	14.7
1973	22.2	12.3
1974	28.3	17.0
1975	34.0	19.9
1976	30.8	18.1
1977	26.7	15.7
1978	27.6	14.1
1979	26.0	16.5
1980	31.5	19.0
1981	36.2	21.4
1982	41.6	26.3
1983	31.6	25.5
1984	33.3	22.9
1985	35.6	24.6
1986	27.9	19.9
1987	37.8	17.8
1988	26.6	15.1
1989	28.1	14.7
1990	32.3	19.0
1991	40.2	25.2
1992	38.9	19.0
1993	26.4	23.7
1994	29.8	20.3

Note: Recent high school graduates include individuals ages 16-24 years who graduated during the survey year and were not enrolled in college. Recent high school dropouts include individuals ages 16-24 who did not graduate and who were in school 12 months earlier, but who were not enrolled in the survey month.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October Current Population Surveys.

Table A.5. Data for Figure 3.2, Unemployment rates of recent high school graduates not enrolled in college, by race (percent): 1973-94

Year	Black	White
1973	28.8	10.0
1974	38.8	14.1
1975	46.7	16.4
1976	47.0	15.3
1977	41.8	12.8
1978	39.3	10.2
1979	38.5	14.0
1980	51.4	14.8
1981	54.3	16.4
1982	57.6	19.9
1983	54.1	18.8
1984	38.7	18.0
1985	55.1	16.5
1986	39.1	16.2
1987	36.4	14.3
1988	24.5	11.3
1989	24.5	12.1
1990	35.8	14.8
1991	51.8	20.6
1992	39.3	13.5
1993	34.5	20.1
1994	50.7	11.4

Note: Recent high school graduates include individuals ages 16-24 years who graduated during the survey year and were not enrolled in college. Recent high school dropouts include individuals ages 16-24 who did not graduate and who were in school 12 months earlier, but who were not enrolled in the survey month.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October Current Population Surveys.

Table A.6. Data for Figure 3.3, Median earnings for wage and salary workers ages 25 to 34 years by educational attainment and sex: 1993 (in 1994 constant dollars)

Educational Attainment	Male	Female
Grades 9 to 11	13,961	7,674
High School diploma only	20,924	13,097
Some college	23,435	17,157
Bachelor's degree or more	32,708	26,043

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Survey 1994.

Table A.7. Data for Figure 3.4, Estimated returns to education, workers with 1 to 5 years of work experience (percent increase over average wages of high school nongraduates): 1963-86

Educational Attainment	1963-68	1969-74	1975-80	1981-86
High school	18.8	14.2	17.2	19.3
Some college	33.9	24.4	26.9	37.0
College	69.6	62.2	55.6	83.7
Graduate school	88.1	82.9	75.2	106.8

Note: Estimates of the returns to education control for differences between educational groups in race-ethnicity, age, and sex.

Source: Kevin Murphy and Finis Welch, "Wage Premiums for College Graduates: Recent Growth and Possible Explanations," Educational Researcher (May 1989): 17-26, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Surveys.

Table A.8. Data for Figure 3.5, Median annual income, full-time workers age 25 years and older by sex (1991 dollars): 1980 and 1990

	Males			Females
Educational Attainment	1980	1990		1980	1990
Fewer Than 4 Years of High School	$24,380	$20,306		$15,103	$14,338
4 Years of High School	32,202	27,629		19,082	19,093
1-3 Years of College	34,583	32,892		21,393	23,161
4 or More Years of College	42,754	44,310		27,063	31,668

Source: Alan Eck. "Job-Related Education and Training: Their Impact on Earnings." Monthly Labor Review (October 1993): 21-38; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Surveys, 1980 and 1990.

Table A.9. Data for Figure 3.6, High school completion rates for 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high school, by race-ethnicity (percent): 1972-94

Year	Total	White	Black	Hispanic
1972	82.8	86.0	72.1	56.2
1973	83.7	87.0	71.6	58.7
1974	83.6	86.7	73.0	60.1
1975	83.8	87.2	70.2	62.2
1976	83.5	86.4	73.5	60.3
1977	83.6	86.7	73.9	58.6
1978	83.6	86.9	73.4	58.8
1979	83.1	86.6	72.6	58.5
1980	83.9	87.5	75.2	57.1
1981	83.8	87.1	76.7	59.1
1982	83.8	87.0	76.4	60.9
1983	83.9	87.4	76.8	59.4
1984	84.7	87.5	80.3	63.7
1985	85.4	88.2	81.0	66.6
1986	85.5	88.8	81.8	63.5
1987	84.7	87.7	81.9	65.1
1988	84.5	88.7	80.9	58.2
1989	84.7	89.0	81.9	59.4
1990	85.6	89.6	83.2	59.1
1991	84.9	89.4	82.5	56.5
1992	86.4	90.7	82.0	62.1
1993	86.2	90.1	81.9	64.4
1994	85.8	90.7	83.3	61.8

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , Dropout Rates in the United States:, 1994; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October Current Population Surveys.

Table A.10. Data for Figure 3.7, Percentage of high school graduates enrolled in college in October following graduation, by type of college: 1968-93

Year	All Colleges	2-Year Colleges	4-Year Colleges
1968	53.6	NA	NA
1971	51.4	NA	NA
1972	49.2	NA	NA
1973	46.6	14.9	31.7
1974	47.6	15.2	32.4
1975	50.7	18.2	32.6
1976	48.8	15.6	33.3
1977	50.6	17.5	33.1
1978	50.1	17.0	33.1
1979	49.3	17.5	31.8
1980	49.3	19.4	29.9
1981	53.9	20.5	33.5
1982	50.6	19.1	31.5
1983	52.7	19.2	33.5
1984	55.2	19.4	35.8
1985	57.7	19.6	38.1
1986	53.8	19.3	34.5
1987	56.8	18.9	37.9
1988	58.9	21.9	37.1
1989	59.6	20.7	38.9
1990	60.1	20.1	40.0
1991	62.5	24.9	37.7
1992	61.9	23.0	38.9
1993	61.5	22.4	39.1
1994	61.9	21.0	40.9

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October Current Population Surveys.

NA = not available.

Table A.11. Data for Figure 3.8, Percentage of high school graduates enrolled in college in October following graduation, by race-ethnicity, 1973-1992

Year	White	Black	Hispanic
1973	48.2	41.4	48.7
1974	48.7	40.5	53.0
1975	49.0	44.4	52.5
1976	50.2	45.2	53.8
1977	50.0	46.8	48.5
1978	50.4	47.5	45.9
1979	50.1	45.3	46.4
1980	51.4	44.0	49.8
1981	52.3	40.4	49.0
1982	54.1	38.9	49.8
1983	55.6	37.9	47.2
1984	58.0	40.1	49.8
1985	58.6	39.6	46.4
1986	58.5	43.8	42.8
1987	58.8	44.5	44.9
1988	60.1	50.0	48.6
1989	61.6	48.2	51.6
1990	63.0	48.9	51.7
1991	64.2	47.1	51.6
1992	64.2	50.1	58.1

Note: Data shown are three-year averages. The three-year average for 1992 is the average percentage of graduates enrolled in college in 1991, 1992, and 1993.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, ,, The Condition of Education, 1995, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October Current Population Surveys.

Table A.12. Data for Figure 3.9, Percentage of high school graduates ages 25-29 years who have completed four years of college or more, by race-ethnicity: 1965-94

Year	All Graduates	White Graduates	Black Graduates	Hispanic Graduates
1965	17.7	NA	NA	NA
1966	19.7	NA	NA	NA
1967	20.1	NA	NA	NA
1968	20.1	NA	NA	NA
1969	21.5	NA	NA	NA
1970	21.7	NA	NA	NA
1971	22.0	23.1	11.5	10.5
1972	23.7	24.9	13.1	7.8
1973	23.6	24.8	12.7	10.8
1974	25.3	27.2	11.5	10.1
1975	26.3	27.5	14.7	16.6
1976	28.0	29.3	17.6	12.7
1977	28.1	29.8	16.9	11.5
1978	27.3	28.9	15.2	17.1
1979	27.0	28.6	16.6	12.9
1980	26.3	28.0	15.0	13.2
1981	24.7	26.3	14.9	12.5
1982	25.2	26.7	15.6	15.9
1983	26.2	27.4	16.2	17.8
1984	25.5	27.0	14.8	18.1
1985	25.7	27.3	14.4	18.2
1986	26.0	28.1	14.2	15.3
1987	25.6	27.6	13.8	14.5
1988	26.4	28.0	14.8	18.1
1989	27.3	29.5	15.4	16.5
1990	27.1	29.3	16.4	14.0
1991	27.2	29.7	13.4	16.3
1992	27.3	30.0	13.7	15.6
1993	27.3	29.8	16.1	13.6
1994	27.0	29.7	16.2	13.3

NA = not available.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Surveys.

Table A.13. Data for Figure 4.1, Unemployment rate for civilian workers ages 19-31 years,by age-adjusted ASVAB score quartile (percent)

Note: Respondents who were out of the labor force at any given age were excluded from the sample for that age. To control for differences in age at testing, individuals were assigned to age-specific performance quartiles for each subject area based on their age at testing.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-93.

Table A.14. Data for Figure 4.2, Unemployment rate for civilian workers ages 19-31 years, by educational attainment and age-adjusted ASVAB score quartile (percent)

High school graduates
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	9.2	1.2	18.2	1.3	18.5	1.3	23.3	1.6
20	6.8	1.4	12.7	1.2	13.7	1.0	23.4	1.3
21	5.5	1.3	8.5	0.9	15.0	1.0	21.6	1.2
22	9.0	1.6	8.6	0.9	13.7	0.9	18.9	1.1
23	4.2	1.1	9.8	1.0	12.7	0.9	15.4	1.0
24	5.9	1.4	7.5	0.8	12.2	0.9	11.5	0.9
25	4.5	1.3	7.5	0.9	8.2	0.8	10.8	0.8
26	2.8	1.0	5.8	0.8	7.7	0.8	12.4	0.9
27	2.5	1.0	5.2	0.8	7.1	0.7	10.8	0.9
28	2.7	1.1	6.7	0.9	6.7	0.7	10.5	0.9
29	5.1	1.5	4.4	0.8	5.2	0.7	7.9	0.8
30	4.4	1.6	4.6	0.9	7.8	0.9	10.3	1.0
31	4.0	1.8	3.9	0.9	6.3	0.9	9.2	1.0
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	13.6	1.4	14.0	1.3	19.2	1.3	23.3	1.4
20	8.8	1.4	12.7	1.2	14.2	1.1	22.7	1.3
21	9.2	1.4	9.9	1.1	14.3	1.1	19.9	1.1
22	11.4	1.4	11.1	1.1	11.5	0.9	18.3	1.1
23	7.3	1.2	11.0	1.1	11.4	0.9	15.4	1.0
24	8.6	1.3	7.3	0.9	10.3	0.9	13.1	0.9
25	5.8	1.1	7.9	1.0	7.8	0.8	10.9	0.8
26	8.3	1.3	6.1	0.9	6.9	0.8	11.1	0.8
27	5.2	1.1	6.9	1.0	5.5	0.7	10.6	0.8
28	3.4	0.9	5.2	0.9	8.0	0.8	10.8	0.9
29	4.5	1.1	3.8	0.8	5.5	0.7	8.4	0.8
30	7.5	1.6	4.1	0.9	7.3	0.9	10.4	0.9
31	5.5	1.6	5.3	1.1	4.7	0.8	9.7	1.0
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	13.5	1.4	13.8	1.2	19.9	1.3	23.9	1.6
20	10.9	1.4	11.4	1.2	14.1	1.1	23.4	1.4
21	7.5	1.2	11.1	1.2	12.8	1.0	22.4	1.2
22	8.5	1.2	11.5	1.1	11.6	0.9	19.8	1.1
23	8.4	1.2	9.2	1.0	11.1	0.9	17.1	1.0
24	6.6	1.1	7.3	0.9	9.4	0.8	15.4	1.0
25	6.6	1.1	6.4	0.9	6.7	0.7	13.1	0.9
26	4.2	0.9	7.2	1.0	7.0	0.8	12.2	0.9
27	3.3	0.8	5.7	0.9	6.5	0.7	11.6	0.9
28	4.7	1.0	6.1	1.0	7.0	0.8	10.5	0.9
29	4.6	1.1	3.9	0.8	5.0	0.7	8.7	0.8
30	5.3	1.3	4.7	1.0	8.3	1.0	9.5	0.9
31	4.6	1.3	6.0	1.2	3.8	0.7	10.5	1.1

Table A.14 (continued)

1 to 3 years of college
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	5.5	1.4	8.3	2.2	11.4	3.4	22.3	6.1
20	6.3	0.9	8.6	1.2	16.7	2.2	16.7	2.8
21	8.3	0.9	9.2	1.1	14.0	1.7	15.1	2.2
22	7.1	0.9	6.9	0.9	9.6	1.4	11.8	1.8
23	6.9	1.1	7.0	1.0	10.9	1.5	10.1	1.7
24	5.1	1.0	5.3	0.9	9.5	1.4	7.1	1.4
25	4.1	0.9	4.7	0.9	7.7	1.2	10.4	1.7
26	3.3	0.8	2.8	0.7	7.1	1.2	9.6	1.6
27	2.4	0.7	3.8	0.8	5.8	1.1	7.5	1.4
28	4.3	1.0	3.5	0.8	6.9	1.2	5.4	1.2
29	5.1	1.1	3.6	0.8	4.0	1.0	8.4	1.5
30	3.1	1.0	5.6	1.1	5.6	1.2	8.2	1.6
31	3.6	1.1	5.0	1.2	3.0	1.0	4.8	1.4
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	5.6	1.6	6.7	2.1	9.8	2.7	20.3	4.6
20	7.3	1.1	9.2	1.4	9.3	1.5	16.3	2.3
21	7.8	1.0	10.1	1.2	11.4	1.4	14.7	1.8
22	6.4	0.9	7.8	1.1	8.8	1.2	10.8	1.5
23	5.4	1.0	7.3	1.1	10.2	1.3	12.2	1.6
24	4.3	0.9	5.3	1.0	6.6	1.1	11.7	1.5
25	4.6	1.0	4.1	0.9	7.3	1.1	9.6	1.4
26	3.1	0.8	4.1	0.9	4.1	0.9	10.8	1.5
27	3.5	0.9	2.8	0.8	5.0	1.0	7.5	1.3
28	4.3	1.0	4.6	1.0	5.6	1.0	4.6	1.0
29	3.7	1.0	4.9	1.1	4.3	0.9	7.5	1.3
30	4.5	1.2	3.7	1.0	6.5	1.2	7.3	1.3
31	3.4	1.2	4.2	1.2	3.1	1.0	6.7	1.4
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	3.3	1.2	11.1	2.5	11.7	2.9	18.2	5.7
20	6.6	1.0	8.9	1.3	13.1	1.6	13.2	2.5
21	8.9	1.0	9.3	1.2	12.0	1.4	11.4	1.9
22	7.8	1.0	7.8	1.1	6.4	1.0	12.1	1.8
23	5.0	0.9	9.0	1.3	8.3	1.2	14.6	1.9
24	3.7	0.8	6.8	1.2	7.7	1.1	9.2	1.5
25	4.3	0.9	5.0	1.0	6.5	1.0	10.5	1.6
26	3.8	0.9	3.4	0.8	5.3	1.0	9.6	1.5
27	3.8	0.9	3.8	0.9	3.7	0.8	8.2	1.5
28	4.3	1.0	4.1	0.9	5.9	1.0	4.8	1.1
29	3.7	1.0	4.9	1.0	3.3	0.8	9.7	1.6
30	3.3	1.0	4.4	1.1	6.8	1.2	7.8	1.6
31	1.8	0.8	4.8	1.3	5.5	1.2	5.3	1.5

Table A.14 (continued)

4 to 5 years of college
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	3.9	1.1	8.0	2.4	1.4	2.0	*	*
23	5.1	0.8	6.0	1.4	5.6	2.5	*	*
24	3.1	0.6	5.9	1.2	9.2	2.8	3.6	3.1
25	3.6	0.6	4.7	1.1	5.1	2.0	2.0	2.2
26	2.1	0.5	2.1	0.7	4.0	1.7	3.9	2.9
27	2.9	0.6	3.4	0.9	2.3	1.3	9.5	4.3
28	2.1	0.5	2.5	0.8	3.7	1.6	3.4	2.7
29	2.1	0.5	5.7	1.3	6.0	2.1	5.9	3.3
30	2.2	0.6	3.3	1.1	1.1	1.0	2.2	2.2
31	2.6	0.7	2.0	0.9	4.6	2.1	6.4	3.9
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	4.7	1.3	4.5	1.9	3.5	2.0
23	5.3	0.9	6.6	1.4	4.5	1.5	3.9	2.5
24	3.1	0.7	6.3	1.2	3.9	1.3	4.7	2.3
25	3.9	0.8	4.0	1.0	2.7	1.1	6.7	2.6
26	2.7	0.6	1.2	0.6	2.3	1.0	3.8	1.9
27	3.1	0.7	2.2	0.7	4.7	1.4	4.5	2.0
28	3.3	0.7	1.0	0.5	1.3	0.8	4.5	2.0
29	2.8	0.7	3.7	1.0	4.0	1.3	6.4	2.3
30	2.2	0.7	2.4	0.9	4.0	1.5	0.3	0.5
31	3.4	0.9	1.4	0.7	3.5	1.5	2.8	1.9
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	5.9	1.4	3.5	1.6	4.3	2.4	*	*
23	5.1	0.9	5.7	1.3	7.2	2.0	2.7	2.6
24	4.4	0.8	2.9	0.9	5.9	1.6	6.3	3.2
25	4.2	0.8	2.8	0.8	5.1	1.4	5.9	3.0
26	2.5	0.6	1.0	0.5	3.0	1.1	8.2	3.3
27	2.5	0.6	3.4	0.9	4.9	1.4	3.7	2.2
28	2.3	0.6	1.7	0.7	2.2	1.0	9.9	3.4
29	3.0	0.7	3.3	0.9	4.2	1.3	7.6	3.1
30	3.0	0.8	1.0	0.6	3.1	1.2	3.5	2.3
31	3.0	0.9	0.3	0.3	5.9	1.8	5.3	2.9

*Too few observations to provide reliable estimates.

Note: Respondents who were out of the labor force at any given age were excluded from the sample for that age. Data based on fewer than 30 observations are excluded from the tables.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-93.

Table A.15. Data for Figure 4.3, Estimated relationship between test scores and unemployment probability for 28-year-old workers

Subject and test quartile	Percent difference in unemployment probability compared with those in the bottom quartile	Standard error
Mathematics Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	-2.1 -1.6 -2.1*	1.1 1.0 0.8
Science Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	-0.8 -2.0* -1.7	1.1 1.0 0.9
Paragraph Comprehension Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	-1.5 -1.5 -1.3	1.1 1.0 0.9
Composite Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	-3.5* -4.1* -3.3*	1.0 0.9 0.8

*Significantly less than zero at the 95 percent confidence level in a two-tailed test.

NOTE: The number shown is the percentage impact of being in the specified quartile compared with being in the bottom quartile on the unemployment probability.

SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-93 data.

Table A.16. Data for Figure 4.4, Mean hourly rate of pay for civilian workers ages 19-31 years, by age-adjusted ASVAB score quartile

Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.11	0.08	$6.48	0.08	$6.50	0.08	$6.49	0.11
20	6.68	0.09	6.96	0.08	6.97	0.09	6.80	0.09
21	7.27	0.09	7.63	0.09	7.31	0.08	7.03	0.07
22	8.07	0.10	8.21	0.09	7.85	0.08	7.46	0.07
23	9.43	0.10	8.66	0.09	8.12	0.08	7.79	0.10
24	10.73	0.12	9.49	0.10	8.60	0.10	7.85	0.08
25	11.47	0.13	9.89	0.12	8.96	0.10	8.10	0.09
26	12.07	0.14	10.42	0.12	9.36	0.12	8.22	0.09
27	12.67	0.15	10.66	0.12	9.31	0.11	8.38	0.10
28	13.50	0.18	11.13	0.12	9.53	0.11	8.76	0.11
29	14.17	0.19	11.48	0.15	9.86	0.13	8.70	0.11
30	14.93	0.22	11.82	0.16	10.08	0.14	8.59	0.10
31	15.01	0.24	11.90	0.17	10.14	0.18	8.96	0.14
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.35	0.08	$6.63	0.11	$6.23	0.09	$6.36	0.09
20	6.84	0.09	7.22	0.12	6.85	0.08	6.47	0.07
21	7.37	0.09	7.78	0.10	7.27	0.07	6.82	0.07
22	8.19	0.10	8.37	0.11	7.76	0.07	7.27	0.07
23	9.41	0.11	8.89	0.11	8.25	0.08	7.46	0.07
24	10.69	0.13	9.63	0.11	8.71	0.09	7.73	0.08
25	11.10	0.13	10.15	0.13	9.27	0.11	7.99	0.08
26	11.86	0.15	10.68	0.13	9.52	0.10	8.14	0.09
27	12.49	0.16	10.91	0.13	9.57	0.11	8.23	0.08
28	13.10	0.18	11.46	0.14	9.95	0.12	8.62	0.10
29	13.58	0.19	11.92	0.18	10.30	0.13	8.61	0.10
30	14.26	0.22	12.23	0.18	10.44	0.15	8.83	0.11
31	14.36	0.24	12.19	0.19	10.73	0.19	8.92	0.14
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.10	0.07	$6.44	0.10	$6.50	0.09	$6.57	0.10
20	6.65	0.09	6.90	0.10	7.03	0.08	6.83	0.08
21	7.16	0.08	7.43	0.10	7.55	0.08	7.12	0.07
22	7.98	0.10	7.88	0.09	8.14	0.08	7.61	0.08
23	8.97	0.10	8.79	0.10	8.45	0.08	7.84	0.09
24	10.16	0.11	9.51	0.11	9.06	0.09	8.03	0.09
25	10.69	0.12	10.09	0.13	9.48	0.11	8.24	0.09
26	11.16	0.13	10.73	0.14	9.91	0.11	8.40	0.09
27	11.65	0.15	10.97	0.14	10.05	0.11	8.52	0.09
28	12.43	0.17	11.41	0.14	10.37	0.13	8.89	0.11
29	12.93	0.18	11.79	0.17	10.78	0.14	8.91	0.11
30	13.45	0.22	12.54	0.19	10.74	0.14	9.10	0.12
31	13.40	0.23	12.72	0.21	10.90	0.17	9.23	0.15

Note: Respondents reporting hourly pay of less than $1.00 or greater than $100.00 (1992 dollars) at any given age were excluded from the sample for that age. To control for differences in age at testing, individuals were assigned to age-specific performance quartiles for each subject based on their age at testing.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-93.

Table A.17. Data for Figure 4.5, Mean hourly rate of pay for civilian workers ages 19-31 years, by educational attainment and age-adjusted ASVAB score quartile

High school graduates
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.21	0.10	$6.47	0.10	$6.53	0.11	$6.55	0.14
20	7.23	0.16	7.37	0.11	7.19	0.12	6.94	0.15
21	7.86	0.17	8.08	0.13	7.49	0.10	7.17	0.10
22	8.56	0.19	8.54	0.12	8.03	0.10	7.42	0.09
23	9.25	0.22	9.05	0.14	8.16	0.11	7.85	0.14
24	9.80	0.24	9.42	0.15	8.62	0.13	7.85	0.11
25	10.26	0.29	9.67	0.14	8.85	0.12	8.11	0.13
26	10.49	0.31	10.22	0.16	9.29	0.15	8.22	0.11
27	10.61	0.30	10.33	0.17	9.34	0.15	8.17	0.13
28	10.73	0.33	10.55	0.16	9.29	0.14	8.60	0.14
29	11.59	0.54	11.02	0.24	9.71	0.16	8.56	0.14
30	11.81	0.41	11.21	0.24	9.75	0.18	8.53	0.14
31	12.34	0.47	11.05	0.25	9.86	0.23	8.85	0.18
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.41	0.10	$6.72	0.13	$6.09	0.09	$6.52	0.12
20	7.40	0.16	7.74	0.17	7.06	0.11	6.58	0.09
21	7.94	0.15	8.31	0.14	7.44	0.10	6.98	0.09
22	8.69	0.18	8.77	0.14	7.83	0.09	7.33	0.09
23	9.38	0.22	9.13	0.18	8.28	0.11	7.42	0.10
24	9.77	0.22	9.37	0.16	8.65	0.12	7.71	0.12
25	9.61	0.21	9.76	0.16	9.02	0.14	7.94	0.11
26	10.13	0.25	10.40	0.20	9.26	0.13	8.11	0.11
27	10.90	0.32	10.18	0.18	9.22	0.16	8.14	0.11
28	10.44	0.25	10.49	0.19	9.44	0.14	8.51	0.13
29	11.42	0.39	10.72	0.23	9.75	0.18	8.56	0.13
30	11.32	0.33	10.90	0.23	9.75	0.18	8.71	0.16
31	11.24	0.33	11.06	0.27	10.15	0.25	8.49	0.16
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.15	0.09	$6.38	0.11	$6.59	0.11	$6.74	0.14
20	7.12	0.13	7.24	0.16	7.28	0.11	7.05	0.12
21	7.67	0.13	7.67	0.12	7.76	0.11	7.38	0.10
22	8.43	0.15	7.92	0.12	8.21	0.11	7.79	0.11
23	8.55	0.16	8.60	0.15	8.50	0.11	8.14	0.15
24	9.03	0.18	8.81	0.16	9.00	0.12	8.19	0.13
25	9.12	0.18	9.44	0.17	9.23	0.14	8.25	0.11
26	9.58	0.21	9.87	0.20	9.60	0.14	8.48	0.12
27	9.66	0.23	9.80	0.21	9.67	0.15	8.59	0.13
28	9.73	0.23	9.94	0.19	9.80	0.14	8.91	0.14
29	10.33	0.34	10.47	0.25	10.05	0.16	9.01	0.17
30	10.09	0.28	10.66	0.26	9.93	0.16	9.34	0.18
31	10.61	0.35	10.85	0.28	9.96	0.20	9.31	0.21

Table A.17 (continued)

1 to 3 years of college
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$5.92	0.11	$6.45	0.20	$6.69	0.46	$6.29	0.48
20	6.45	0.10	6.31	0.11	6.31	0.16	6.59	0.20
21	7.06	0.10	6.94	0.13	7.04	0.18	6.59	0.19
22	7.61	0.13	7.66	0.16	7.41	0.19	7.98	0.27
23	8.70	0.16	8.27	0.15	8.22	0.19	8.69	0.28
24	9.58	0.18	9.41	0.18	8.67	0.18	8.74	0.29
25	10.26	0.22	9.77	0.27	8.93	0.20	9.07	0.29
26	10.77	0.21	10.26	0.23	9.31	0.26	9.40	0.30
27	11.27	0.26	10.67	0.22	9.52	0.23	9.74	0.29
28	12.22	0.43	11.29	0.24	10.13	0.27	10.67	0.42
29	11.73	0.29	11.50	0.26	10.18	0.26	10.34	0.33
30	12.56	0.39	11.90	0.29	11.01	0.37	9.74	0.30
31	13.18	0.38	11.87	0.28	11.05	0.43	10.44	0.35
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$6.06	0.15	$6.12	0.21	$6.44	0.24	$6.31	0.43
20	6.51	0.10	6.34	0.12	6.21	0.13	6.39	0.26
21	7.09	0.11	7.13	0.16	6.83	0.13	6.45	0.14
22	7.63	0.12	7.75	0.20	7.58	0.16	7.36	0.21
23	8.80	0.18	8.43	0.18	8.31	0.17	8.00	0.19
24	9.78	0.20	9.40	0.20	8.72	0.18	8.62	0.22
25	10.22	0.22	9.84	0.30	9.33	0.20	8.82	0.27
26	10.82	0.26	10.03	0.22	9.64	0.20	9.59	0.33
27	11.50	0.30	10.63	0.23	9.84	0.21	9.42	0.23
28	12.50	0.41	11.16	0.29	10.75	0.34	9.93	0.27
29	11.79	0.31	11.34	0.28	10.85	0.26	10.04	0.30
30	12.79	0.37	11.73	0.34	11.18	0.35	10.11	0.31
31	13.46	0.44	11.50	0.30	11.27	0.32	10.94	0.40
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	$5.87	0.12	$6.49	0.22	$6.12	0.28	$7.31	0.49
20	6.22	0.09	6.52	0.14	6.59	0.16	6.57	0.19
21	6.86	0.10	7.15	0.15	7.16	0.15	6.72	0.17
22	7.42	0.14	7.63	0.16	8.01	0.17	7.62	0.23
23	8.56	0.17	8.60	0.17	8.32	0.17	8.15	0.20
24	9.56	0.18	9.27	0.19	9.07	0.20	8.61	0.25
25	9.87	0.20	9.87	0.28	9.60	0.24	8.82	0.28
26	10.13	0.20	10.13	0.22	10.26	0.29	9.53	0.26
27	10.71	0.25	10.56	0.23	10.42	0.24	9.81	0.27
28	11.66	0.36	11.51	0.28	10.89	0.34	10.29	0.32
29	11.61	0.29	11.23	0.27	10.99	0.28	10.10	0.30
30	11.85	0.36	12.36	0.36	11.22	0.30	10.26	0.37
31	12.44	0.38	11.94	0.32	11.87	0.37	10.55	0.35

Table A.17 (continued)

4 to 5 years of college
Mathematics
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	$8.99	0.22	$8.22	0.28	$9.33	1.27	*	*
23	9.97	0.16	8.16	0.21	9.49	0.59	*	*
24	11.54	0.17	9.80	0.22	10.41	0.55	$9.64	0.92
25	12.23	0.18	10.61	0.26	10.28	0.48	8.49	0.53
26	12.99	0.20	11.11	0.27	12.03	0.77	10.54	0.47
27	13.87	0.23	11.54	0.31	11.05	0.49	11.38	1.00
28	14.53	0.24	12.41	0.29	11.46	0.37	11.56	0.78
29	15.37	0.26	12.45	0.30	11.38	0.53	10.91	0.55
30	16.07	0.31	12.99	0.35	11.84	0.44	11.36	0.64
31	16.32	0.38	13.48	0.41	12.56	0.75	11.33	0.71
Science
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	$8.97	0.25	$8.61	0.40	$8.25	0.36	*	*
23	9.96	0.19	9.05	0.25	9.08	0.26	$7.93	0.38
24	11.67	0.21	10.58	0.23	10.25	0.27	8.45	0.32
25	12.23	0.21	11.11	0.23	11.04	0.43	9.48	0.45
26	13.22	0.25	11.89	0.29	11.23	0.31	9.92	0.36
27	13.91	0.27	12.85	0.31	11.39	0.33	9.93	0.57
28	14.56	0.28	13.45	0.29	12.16	0.36	10.60	0.43
29	14.93	0.27	14.15	0.43	13.15	0.38	10.71	0.42
30	15.71	0.34	14.66	0.42	13.41	0.45	11.79	0.49
31	16.10	0.41	14.69	0.48	13.86	0.62	12.00	0.91
Paragraph Comprehension
	Top	Standard	Second	Standard	Third	Standard	Bottom	Standard
Age	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error	quartile	error
19	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
20	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
21	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
22	$8.82	0.26	$8.71	0.33	$9.10	0.49	*	*
23	9.56	0.19	9.57	0.23	9.69	0.33	$7.62	0.48
24	11.25	0.20	10.84	0.22	10.85	0.30	10.39	0.69
25	11.79	0.21	11.63	0.27	11.27	0.31	10.04	0.47
26	12.46	0.24	12.72	0.29	11.85	0.34	10.61	0.42
27	13.29	0.26	13.31	0.31	12.26	0.32	10.08	0.80
28	14.05	0.28	13.51	0.28	13.19	0.37	11.90	0.56
29	14.43	0.29	14.29	0.36	13.92	0.44	11.51	0.55
30	14.97	0.34	15.46	0.38	14.12	0.49	10.61	0.57
31	14.94	0.42	16.23	0.49	14.14	0.49	12.04	1.22

*Too few cases to provide reliable estimates.

Notes: Respondents reporting hourly pay of less than $1.00 or more than $100 (1992 dollars) at any given age were excluded from the sample for that age. Data based on fewer than 30 observations are excluded from the tables.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-93.

Table A.18. Data for Figure 4.6, Estimated relationship between test scores and wage rates for 28-year-old workers

Subject and test quartile	Percent difference in hourly wage compared with those in the bottom quartile	Standard error
Mathematics Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	15.0* 10.6* 2.6	2.3 1.9 1.7
Science Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	4.2 6.2* 3.9*	2.2 1.9 1.7
Paragraph Comprehension Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	4.6* 4.6* 4.8*	2.2 2.0 1.8
Composite Top quartile Second quartile Third quartile	19.5* 18.2* 10.1*	2.1 1.8 1.7

*Significantly greater than zero at the 95 percent confidence level in a two-tailed test.

NOTE: The number shown is the percentage impact of being in the specifiied quartile compared with being in the bottom quartile on the hourly wage.

SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-93 data.

Table A.19. Data for Figure 4.7, Trends in average U.S. achievement scores in science, mathematics, and reading: 1969-1992

	Age 9			Age 13			Age 17
Year	Science	Mathematics	Reading	Science	Mathematics	Reading	Science	Mathematics	Reading
1969							305
1970	225			255
1971			208			255			285
1973	220	219		250	266		296	304
1975			210			256			286
1977	220			247			290
1978		219			264			300
1980			215			258			286
1982	221	219		250	269		283	298
1984			211			257			289
1986	224	222		251	269		288	302
1988			212			258			290
1990	229	230	209	255	270	257	290	305	290
1992	231	230	210	258	273	260	294	307	290

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The National Assessment of Educational Progress: 1992 Trends in Academic Progress, 1994.

Table A.20. Data for Figure 4.8, Difference in average NAEP proficiency scores for whites and blacks and whites and Hispanics age 17 years, by subject: 1969-92

Average NAEP score for white students minus average score for black students
Year	Science	Reading	Mathematics
1969	54
1971		53
1973	54		40
1975		52
1977	57
1978			38
1980		50
1982	58		32
1984		31
1986	45		29
1988		20
1990	48	29	21
1992	48	37	26

Average NAEP score for white students minus average score for Hispanic students
Year	Science	Reading	Mathematics
1973			33
1975		40
1977	35
1978			30
1980		31
1982	44		27
1984		27
1986	38		24
1988		24
1990	40	22	26
1992	34	26	20

Note: Blank spaces indicate no data available for that subject for that year.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The National Assessment of Educational Progress: 1992 Trends in Academic Progress, 1994.

Table A.21 Data for Figure IV.9, Trends in percent of students at or above four mathematics and four science proficiency levels, 1977-1992

	Year
Mathematics proficiency level	1978	1982	1986	1990	1992
Beginning skills and understanding	100	100	100	100	100
Numeric operations and beginning problem solving	92	93	96	96	97
Moderately complex procedures and reasoning	52	48	52	56	59
Multi-step problem solving and algebra	7	6	6	7	7

	Year
Science proficiency level	1977	1982	1986	1990	1992
Understands simple scientific principles	97	96	97	97	98
Applies general scientific information	82	77	81	81	83
Analyzes scientific procedures and data	42	37	41	43	47
Integrates specialized scientific information	8	7	8	9	10

Source: National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1992 Mathematics and Science Trend Assessments.

Table A.22. Data for Figure 5.1, Unemployment rate of adult labor force participants, by proficiency level on three literacy scales (percent): 1992

	Proficiency level
Literacy scale	1	2	3	4	5
Prose	16.9	15.4	7.9	5.6	4.2
Document	17.1	12.9	8.4	5.0	5.2
Quantitative	19.9	12.5	8.8	4.9	2.7

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.23. Data for Figure 5.2, Average proficiencies of the unemployed and full-time employed with high school diplomas only, by literacy scale: 1992

Literacy scale	Unemployed	Full-time employed
Prose	259	275
Document	256	272
Quantitative	256	278

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.24. Data for Figure 5.3, Mean weekly earnings of full-time workers, by literacy proficiency on three literacy scales: 1992

	Proficiency level
Literacy scale	1	2	3	4	5
Prose	$355	$436	$531	$709	$910
Document	355	458	553	710	807
Quantitative	330	438	533	684	913

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.25. Data for Figure 5.4, Mean weekly earnings of full-time employed college graduates, by proficiency level on three literacy scales: 1992

	Proficiency level
Literacy scale	1	2	3	4	5
Prose	$586	$677	$739	$866	$993
Document	632	717	787	878	904
Quantitive	NA	610	731	865	1,031

NA = not available.

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.26. Data for Figure 5.5, Weekly earnings of full-time black workers as a percentage of white workers' earnings, by literacy proficiency level (percent): 1992

	Proficiency level
Literacy scale	1	2	3	4
Prose	82	87	93	95
Quantitative	93	92	98	97

Note: Figures provided are black workers' earnings as a percentage of white workers' earnings.

No data are available for proficiency level 5.

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.27. Data for Figure 5.6, Percentage of the labor force in each proficiency level on the three literacy scales: 1992

	Proficiency level
Literacy scale	1	2	3	4	5
Prose	14.4	25.3	35.2	20.8	4.2
Document	15.8	27.2	34.6	19.0	3.4
Quantitative	15.2	24.5	34.5	20.8	5.0

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.28. Data for Figure 6.1, Mean literacy proficiency scores of full-time workers, by occupation: 1992

	Literacy scale
Occupation	Prose	Document	Quantitative
Professional	329	321	326
Managers and executives	319	310	321
Technical	309	308	308
Administrative support	296	290	293
Sales	290	285	291
Craft production	267	267	275
Service	262	259	258
Transport operatives	258	260	266
Laborers and cleaners	248	247	249
Assemblers and operators	247	242	248
Farming and forestry	245	245	254

Source: Andrew Sum, Literacy and the Labor Force: Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, forthcoming; U.S. Department of Education, , National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Table A.29. Data for Figure 6.2, College graduates in the labor force and in jobs that do not require college degrees: 1967-90

Year	College graduates in labor force (thousands)	College graduates in nondegree jobs or unemployed (thousands)	Percent of college graduates in nondegree jobs or unemployed	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Percent of labor force members with college degrees
1967	8,792	1,032	11.7	77,347	11.4
1968	9,328	987	10.6	78,737	11.8
1969	9,676	1,032	10.7	80,734	12.0
1970	10,157	1,151	11.3	82,771	12.3
1971	10,859	1,375	12.7	84,382	12.9
1972	11,604	1,668	14.4	87,034	13.3
1973	12,368	1,793	14.5	89,429	13.8
1974	13,428	2,070	15.4	91,949	14.6
1975	14,328	2,398	16.7	93,775	15.3
1976	15,356	2,714	17.7	96,158	16.0
1977	16,200	3,010	18.6	99,009	16.4
1978	16,701	2,893	17.3	102,251	16.3
1979	17,925	3,163	17.6	104,962	17.1
1980	19,237	3,585	18.6	106,940	18.0
1981	19,759	3,715	18.8	108,670	18.2
1982	20,958	4,129	19.7	110,204	19.0
1983	22,479	4,648	20.7	111,550	20.2
1984	23,357	4,453	19.1	113,544	20.6
1985	24,137	4,645	19.2	115,461	20.9
1986	24,686	4,792	19.4	117,834	20.9
1987	25,765	5,029	19.5	119,865	21.5
1988	27,135	5,287	19.5	121,669	22.3
1989	28,080	5,353	19.1	123,869	22.7
1990	28,983	5,753	19.9	124,787	23.2

Note: Unemployed graduates are counted as college graduates in nondegree jobs. Data refer to noninstitutionalized population 16 years and older.

Source: Daniel H. Hecker. "Reconciling Conflicting Data on Jobs for College Graduates." Monthly Labor Review, (July 1992), 3-12; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys.

Table A.30. Data for Figure 7.1, Median weekly earnings of full-time workers age 16 years and over, by training status and educational attainment: January 1991

Workers Who Needed No Qualifying Training for Current Job
Highest education completed	Workers training to improve skills since start of job	Workers who did not training to improve skills since start of job
Fewer than 12 Years High school graduate 1-3 years of college College graduate	$333 396 471 601	$263 314 353 461
Workers Who Needed Qualifying Training for Current Job
Fewer than 12 Years High school graduate 1-3 years of college College graduate	$405 465 515 683	$319 380 422 616

SOURCE: Alan Eck, "Job-Related Education and Training: Their Impact on Earnings," Monthly Labor Review, (October 1993) 21-38; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, January 1991.

Table A.31. Data for Figure 7.2, Workers 16 and older who participated in skill improvement training while on their current jobs (percent of workers in each category): 1983 and 1991

	1983	1991
All Workers	35	41
Gender Male Female	35 34	40 41
Race/ethnicity White Black All other races Hispanic	36 28 32 23	42 34 38 28
Highest grade completed High school or less Some college College graduate	26 41 54	29 46 61
Occupational group Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional Technicians Sales Administrative support Private household Service Farming, forestry, and fishing Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, cleaners, and laborers	47 61 52 32 32 3 25 16 35 22 18 14	53 67 59 35 40 6 29 21 38 25 25 15
Training source School Formal company programs Informal on-the-job training Other source	12 11 14 4	13 16 15 7

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, How Workers Get Their Training: A 1991 Update, 1992; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, January 1983 and 1991.

Table A.32. Data for Figure 7.3, Workers age 17 and older who were enrolled in employment-related training in the previous 12 months (percent of workers in each category): 1991

All workers	33
Gender Male	33
Female	34
Race-ethnicity White	35
Black	24
Hispanic	27
Education Less than high school	9
High school diploma	22
Some postsecondary education	38
College graduation	53
Occupation Managerial/professional	56
Technical/sales/administrative support	32
Service	21
Precision production/repair	26
Operations/fabrications/laborers	17

NOTE:Sample includes employed adults age 17 and older. Employment status of individuals was determined by status during the week of the survey.

SOURCE:U.S. Department of Education, , Adult Education: Employment-Related Training, 1994 and the National Household Education Survey, 1991.

Table A.33. Data for Figure 7.4, Training participation by training type (percent of workers participating in each type of training): 1991

From CPS Data Technical	26
Computer-related	13
Managerial/supervisory	11
Reading/writing/math	6
Other	7
From NHES Data Professional development	25
Technical or skilled	20
Executive or management development	13
Supervisory skills	12
Job health and safety	12
Computer	10
Quality or statistical process control	10
Sales and marketing	8
New employee	7

NOTE: CPS data include all employed individuals age 16 and older. NHES data include all employed individuals age 17 and older. CPS data refer to any training on the current job and NHES data to training in the last 12 months.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, How Workers Get Their Training: A 1991 Update, 1992; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, January 1991; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education: Employment-Related Training, 1994, and the National Household Education Survey, 1991.

Table A.34. Data for Figure 8.1, Secondary school completion, by age (percent of population): 1992

Country	25-64 years of age	25-34 years of age
United States	84.0	86.5
Japan	69.7	90.6
Germany	81.9	88.6
United Kingdom	68.1	80.9
France	52.2	67.1
Italy	28.4	42.4
Canada	71.3	80.8

Note: In the United States, completing secondary school is defined as graduating from high school or earning a GED.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Indicators of Education's Systems, Digest of International Education Statistics, forthcoming.

Table A.35. Data for Figure 8.2, Completion of higher education, by age (percent of population): 1992

Country	25-64 years of age	25-34 years of age
United States	23.6	23.2
Japan	13.3	22.9
Germany	11.6	11.8
United Kingdom	10.7	12.5
France	10.2	12.3
Italy	6.4	6.8
Canada	15.0	16.1

Note: In the United States, completing higher education is defined as earning a bachelor's degree.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, , The Condition of Education, 1995; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Indicators of Education's Systems, Digest of International Education Statistics, forthcoming.

Table A.36. Data for Figure 8.3, Completion of postsecondary education, percent of population ages 25-64 years: 1991

Country	Completion rate
United States	36
Germany	22
United Kingdom	16
France	15
Italy	6
Canada	40

Notes: Postsecondary education includes university and nonuniversity education above the secondary level. Completion of postsecondary education is defined according to the International Standard Classification of Education, which is used as a means of compiling internationally comparable statistics on education. Postsecondary completion includes education at the postsecondary level which leads to an award or degree. The classification is described in detail in Annex 4 of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1993). In the United States, completion of postsecondary education refers to high school graduates who complete programs at a technical or vocational institution, a two-year college, or a four-year college or university.

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, 1993.

Table A.37. Data for Figure 8.4, Mean mathematics achievement of students in their last year of secondary school in industrialized countries: 1980-82

	Number Systems			Algebra			Geometry			Functions and Calculus
Country	Mean	Standard error of mean		Mean	Standard error of mean		Mean	Standard error of mean		Mean	Standard error of mean
United States	40	1.1		43	1.2		31	1.0		29	1.2
Japan	68*	1.1		78*	1.0		60*	1.1		66*	1.5
United Kingdom	59*	0.8		66*	0.6		51*	0.5		58*	0.6
Canada (B.C.)	43	1.3		47	1.4		30	1.2		21*	1.0

* Mean score is significantly different from that of U.S. students.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, , International Mathematics and Science Assessments: What Have We Learned?, 1992, based on data from the Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS).

Table A.38. Data for Figure 8.5, Mean science achievement of students in their last year of secondary school in industrialized countries: 1983-86

Country	Biology			Chemistry			Physics
	Mean	Standard error of mean		Mean	Standard error of mean		Mean	Standard error of mean
United States	37.9	0.41		37.7	0.67		45.5	0.53
Japan	46.2*	0.48		51.9*	0.86		56.1*	0.58
United Kingdom	63.4*	0.24		69.5*	0.29		58.3*	0.20
Italy	42.3*	1.05		38.0	1.45		28.0*	0.25
Canada	45.9*	0.20		36.9	0.31		39.6*	0.20

* Mean score is significantly different from that of U.S. students.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, , International Mathematics and Science Assessments: What Have We Learned, 1992, based on data from the Second International Science Study (SISS).

Table A.39. Data for Figure 8.6, Mean reading achievement of 14-year-old students in industrialized countries: 1990-91

Country	Narrative			Expository			Documents
	Mean	Standard error		Mean	Standard error		Mean	Standard error
United States	539	4.9		539	5.6		528	4.0
Germany (West)	514*	4.9		521*	4.5		532	3.9
France	556*	4.2		546	4.3		544*	4.2
Italy	520*	3.6		524*	3.2		501*	3.3
Canada (B.C.)	526*	3.1		516*	3.1		522	2.7

*Mean score is significantly different from that of U.S. students.

SOURCE: Warwick B. Elley, How in the World Do Students Read?, Hamburg: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 1992, based on data from the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Reading Literacy Study.

Table A.40. Data for Figure 8.7, Estimated percentage of the population in each proficiency level on three adult literacy scales, by selected countries: 1994

	Proficiency level
Scale and Country	1	2	3	4/5
Prose    United States    Canada    Germany    Netherlands    Poland    Sweden    Switzerland (French)    Switzerland (German)	20.7 16.6 14.4 10.5 42.6 7.5 17.6 19.3	25.9 25.6 34.2 30.1 34.5 20.3 33.7 35.7	32.4 35.1 38.0 44.1 19.8 39.7 38.6 36.1	21.1 22.7 13.4 15.3 3.1 32.4 10.0 8.9
Document    United States    Canada    Germany    Netherlands    Poland    Sweden    Switzerland (French)    Switzerland (German)	23.7 18.2 9.0 10.1 45.4 6.2 16.2 18.1	25.9 24.7 32.7 25.7 30.7 18.9 28.8 29.1	31.4 32.1 39.5 44.2 18.0 39.4 38.9 36.6	19.0 25.1 18.9 20.0 5.8 35.5 16.0 16.1
Quantitative    United States    Canada    Germany    Netherlands    Poland    Sweden    Switzerland (French)    Switzerland (German)	21.0 16.9 6.7 10.3 39.1 6.6 12.9 14.2	25.3 26.1 26.6 25.5 30.1 18.6 24.5 26.2	31.3 34.8 43.2 44.3 23.9 39.0 42.2 40.7	22.5 22.2 23.5 19.9 6.8 35.8 20.4 19.0

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and Statistics Canada, Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey, 1995.

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