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An Historical Overview of Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State: Fiscal Years 1990–2002

Chapter 1: Missing Data

NCES requests that states report "0" for items in which no activity occurred and "M" for items in which an activity occurred but no data are available. Review of the data and subsequent discussions suggest that these practices are not always followed. In some instances, an "M" may have been reported when there was no activity. Conversely, a "0" may have been used when in fact there was some activity. As a result, NCES may have edited some of these responses. All data that were determined to be missing were corrected through the imputation and adjustment procedures after consultation with the data providers.