EDUCATION INDICATORS: An International Perspective

Notes on Figures and Tables for Indicator 45

Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, West Germany (former), Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland

Public-private proportions are derived from expenditure-per-GDP table F01 in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Center for Educational Research and Innovation, Internation Indicators Project, 1995.

Belgium

Provincial or regional sources refer to the expenditures from the three communities; local or municipality sources refer to the expenditures from provinces and cities.

Figures on central funds are available for all levels of education combined but they cannot be broken down by level of education.

Canada

Expenditure for preprimary education is included in expenditure for primary and secondary education.

Denmark, Ireland, and Spain

The country mean for the three levels of governments may not add up to 100 percent, since they do not include certain percentages of funds from international sources.

European Community countries

European Community (EC) member countries can receive funds from the EC Social Fund for vocational education in the upper secondary through graduate school levels. Ireland is the only country that reported these funds to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Center for Educational Research and Innovation, International Indicators Project, 1995.

Finland

Data concerning households and private organizations are available.

West Germany (former)

Expenditures by regional governments include subsidies from the federal government. The private share of primary and secondary expenditure is influenced by the inclusion of large outlays by private firms for training and compensating apprentices under the dual system. Other countries with similar systems have not included such outlays in their educational expenditure figures.

Hungary

There are regional governments (counties) and municipalities as well but it is preferable to regard both as local governments because regional governments have no significant redistributive role.

Japan

Expenditure of prefectures and municipalities cannot be provided separately.

Switzerland

See supplemental notes for Indicator 42.

United Kingdom

Expenditure by or on behalf of independent institutions at the higher education level has been assumed to be negligible.

Only general university funds and grants from the Department of Education are included. All other separate R&D funds have not been taken into account.