Table 201.10.

Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: Selected years, 1869-70 through 2011-12

Selected characteristic	1869-70		1879-80	1889-90	1899-1900	1909-10	1919-20	1929-30	1939-40	1949-50	1959-60		1969-70		1979-80		1989-90		1999-2000		2007-08		2008-09		2009-10		2010-11		2011-12
1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11		12		13		14		15		16		17		18		19		20
Population, pupils, and instructional staff
Total population (in thousands)1	38,558		50,156	62,622	75,995	90,490	104,514	121,878	131,028	149,188	177,830		201,385		225,055		246,819		279,040		301,231		304,094		306,772		309,326		311,583
5- to 17-year-olds (in thousands)1	11,683		15,066	18,473	21,573	24,011	27,571	31,414	30,151	30,223	43,881		52,386		48,043		44,947		52,811		53,893		53,833		53,890		53,930		53,780
5- to 17-year-olds as a percent of total       population	30.3		30.0	29.5	28.4	26.5	26.4	25.8	23.0	20.3	24.7		26.0		21.3		18.2		18.9		17.9		17.7		17.6		17.4		17.3
Total enrollment in elementary and secondary       schools (in thousands)2	7,562	3	9,867	12,723	15,503	17,814	21,578	25,678	25,434	25,112	36,087		45,550		41,651		40,543		46,857		49,291		49,266		49,361		49,484		49,522
Prekindergarten through grade 8 (in thousands)	7,481	3	9,757	12,520	14,984	16,899	19,378	21,279	18,833	19,387	27,602		32,513		28,034		29,152		33,486		34,204		34,286		34,409		34,625		34,773
Grades 9-12 (in thousands)	80	3	110	203	519	915	2,200	4,399	6,601	5,725	8,485		13,037		13,616		11,390		13,371		15,086		14,980		14,952		14,860		14,749
Enrollment as a percent of total population	19.6	3	19.7	20.3	20.4	19.7	20.6	21.1	19.4	16.8	20.3		22.6		18.5		16.4		16.8		16.4		16.2		16.1		16.0		15.9
Enrollment as a percent of 5- to 17-year-olds	64.7	3	65.5	68.9	71.9	74.2	78.3	81.7	84.4	83.1	82.2		87.0		86.7		90.2		88.7		91.5		91.5		91.6		91.8		92.1
Percent of total enrollment in grades 9-12	1.1	3	1.1	1.6	3.3	5.1	10.2	17.1	26.0	22.8	23.5		28.6		32.7		28.1		28.5		30.6		30.4		30.3		30.0		29.8
High school graduates (in thousands)	—		—	22	62	111	231	592	1,143	1,063	1,627		2,589		2,748		2,320		2,554		3,001		3,039		3,128		3,144		3,148
Average daily attendance (in thousands)	4,077		6,144	8,154	10,633	12,827	16,150	21,265	22,042	22,284	32,477		41,934		38,289		37,799		43,807		46,156		46,173		45,919		46,119		46,388
Total number of days attended by pupils       enrolled (in millions)	539		801	1,098	1,535	2,011	2,615	3,673	3,858	3,964	5,782		7,501		6,835	4	—		7,858		8,261		8,264		8,199		8,235		8,296
Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily	59.3		62.3	64.1	68.6	72.1	74.8	82.8	86.7	88.7	90.0		90.4		90.1	4	—		94.3		93.1		—		—		—		93.9
Average length of school term, in days	132.2		130.3	134.7	144.3	157.5	161.9	172.7	175.0	177.9	178.0		178.9		178.5	4	—		179.4		179.0		179.0		178.6		178.6		178.8
Average number of days attended per pupil	78.4		81.1	86.3	99.0	113.0	121.2	143.0	151.7	157.9	160.2		161.7		160.8	4	—		169.2		166.6		—		—		—		167.9
Total full-time equivalent (FTE) instructional       staff (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	678	880	912	963	1,457		2,286		2,406		2,986		3,819		4,214		4,278		4,279		4,151		4,134
Supervisors (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	7	7	5	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Principals (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	14	31	32	43	64		91		106		126		137		158		160		168		165		166
Teachers, teacher aides, librarians, and        guidance counselors (in thousands)5	201		287	364	423	523	657	843	875	920	1,393		2,195		2,300		2,860		3,682		4,056		4,118		4,111		3,986		3,967
Males (in thousands)	78		123	126	127	110	93	140	195	196	404	4	711	4	782	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Females (in thousands)	123		164	238	296	413	585	703	681	724	989	4	1,484	4	1,518	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Percent male	38.7		42.8	34.5	29.9	21.1	14.1	16.6	22.2	21.3	29.0	4	32.4	4	34.0	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Amounts in current dollars
Total revenues and expenditures
Total revenue receipts (in millions)	—		—	$143	$220	$433	$970	$2,089	$2,261	$5,437	$14,747		$40,267		$96,881		$208,548		$372,944		$584,684		$592,422		$596,391		$604,229		$600,489
Federal government	—		—	—	—	—	2	7	40	156	652		3,220		9,504		12,701		27,098		47,788		56,670		75,998		75,549		61,043
State governments	—		—	—	—	—	160	354	684	2,166	5,768		16,063		45,349		98,239		184,613		282,623		276,526		258,864		266,786		271,453
Local sources, including intermediate	—		—	—	—	—	808	1,728	1,536	3,116	8,327		20,985		42,029		97,608		161,233		254,273		259,226		261,529		261,893		267,993
Percentage distribution of revenue receipts
Federal government	—		—	—	—	—	0.3	0.4	1.8	2.9	4.4		8.0		9.8		6.1		7.3		8.2		9.6		12.7		12.5		10.2
State governments	—		—	—	—	—	16.5	16.9	30.3	39.8	39.1		39.9		46.8		47.1		49.5		48.3		46.7		43.4		44.2		45.2
Local sources, including intermediate	—		—	—	—	—	83.2	82.7	68.0	57.3	56.5		52.1		43.4		46.8		43.2		43.5		43.8		43.9		43.3		44.6
Total expenditures for public schools       (in millions)	$63		$78	$141	$215	$426	$1,036	$2,317	$2,344	$5,838	$15,613		$40,683		$95,962		$212,770		$381,838		$597,314		$610,326		$607,018		$604,356		$601,767
Current expenditures6	—		—	114	180	356	861	1,844	1,942	4,687	12,329	7	34,218	7	86,984	7	188,229	7	323,889	7	506,884	7	518,923	7	524,715	7	527,291	7	527,096	7
Capital outlay8	—		—	26	35	70	154	371	258	1,014	2,662		4,659		6,506		17,781		43,357		66,426		65,890		56,715		50,969		48,773
Interest on school debt	—		—	—	—	—	18	93	131	101	490		1,171		1,874		3,776		9,135		15,695		17,049		17,232		17,934		17,701
Other current expenditures9	—		—	—	—	—	3	10	13	36	133		636		598	10	2,983		5,457		8,308		8,464		8,356		8,161		8,196
Percentage distribution of total expenditures
Current expenditures6	—		—	81.3	83.5	83.6	83.1	79.6	82.8	80.3	79.0	7	84.1	7	90.6	7	88.5	7	84.8	7	84.9	7	85.0	7	86.4	7	87.2	7	87.6	7
Capital outlay8	—		—	18.7	16.5	16.4	14.8	16.0	11.0	17.4	17.0		11.5		6.8		8.4		11.4		11.1		10.8		9.3		8.4		8.1
Interest on school debt	—		—	—	—	—	1.8	4.0	5.6	1.7	3.1		2.9		2.0		1.8		2.4		2.6		2.8		2.8		3.0		2.9
Other current expenditures9	—		—	—	—	—	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.8		1.6		0.6	10	1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4
Teacher salaries; income and expenditures       per pupil and per capita
Annual salary of classroom teachers11	$189		$195	$252	$325	$485	$871	$1,420	$1,441	$3,010	$4,995		$8,626		$15,970		$31,367		$41,807		$52,800		$54,319		$55,202		$55,623		$55,418
Personal income per member of labor force1	—		—	—	—	—	—	1,734	1,333	3,446	5,897		9,913		19,797		37,283		57,286		78,335		80,562		78,418		80,768		85,941
Total school expenditures per capita of total       population	2		2	2	3	5	10	19	18	39	88		202		426		862		1,368		1,983		2,007		1,979		1,954		1,931
National income per capita1	—		—	—	—	—	—	773	630	1,609	2,584		4,467		9,990		19,375		29,832		40,903		40,868		39,528		41,185		42,853
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13	—		—	14	17	28	53	87	88	210	375		816		2,272		4,980		7,394		10,982		11,239		11,427		11,433		11,363
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14	16		13	17	20	33	64	108	106	260	471		955		2,491		5,547		8,589		12,759		13,033		13,035		12,926		12,794
National income per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	—	4,430	3,743	10,770	14,152		21,450		58,717		126,516		190,026		266,952		269,155		264,075		276,233		287,837
Current expenditure per day per pupil in       ADA6,13,15	—		—	0.10	0.12	0.18	0.33	0.50	0.50	1.17	2.11		4.56		12.73		—		41.22		61.36		62.79		64.00		64.03		63.54
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13	0.12		0.10	0.13	0.14	0.21	0.40	0.63	0.60	1.46	2.65		5.34		13.95		—		47.90		71.30		72.83		73.02		72.39		71.55
	Amounts in constant 2013-14 dollars16
Annual salary of classroom teachers11	—		—	—	—	—	$10,739	$19,492	$24,228	$29,863	$39,943		$53,655		$48,335		$58,044		$58,025		$58,602		$59,458		$59,845		$59,115		$57,220
Personal income per member of labor force1	—		—	—	—	—	—	23,809	22,406	34,190	47,160		61,659		59,917		68,992		79,509		86,943		88,183		85,014		85,838		88,736
Total school expenditures per capita of total       population	—		—	—	—	—	122	261	301	388	702		1,257		1,291		1,595		1,899		2,201		2,197		2,145		2,076		1,994
National income per capita1	—		—	—	—	—	—	10,610	10,586	15,960	20,667		27,783		30,235		35,854		41,405		45,398		44,735		42,853		43,770		44,247
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13	—		—	—	—	—	657	1,190	1,481	2,087	3,000		5,076		6,876		9,215		10,262		12,189		12,302		12,388		12,151		11,732
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14	—		—	—	—	—	788	1,489	1,778	2,583	3,766		5,940		7,538		10,265		11,921		14,161		14,266		14,132		13,737		13,210
National income per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	—	60,808	62,930	106,853	113,165		133,424		177,714		234,116		263,743		296,287		294,618		286,288		293,573		297,198
Current expenditure per day per pupil in       ADA6,13,15	—		—	—	—	—	4.1	6.9	8.4	11.6	16.9		28.4		38.5		—		53.2		68.1		68.7		69.4		68.0		65.6
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	4.9	8.6	10.1	14.5	21.2		33.2		42.2		—		61.8		79.1		79.7		79.2		76.9		73.9

—Not available.

1Data on population and labor force are from the Census Bureau, and data on personal income and national income are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total population from the decennial census. From 1909-10 to 1959-60, population data are total population, including armed forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population that excludes armed forces overseas.

2Data for 1869-70 through 1959-60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment. Total counts of ungraded students were prorated to prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12 based on prior reports.

3Data for 1870-71.

4Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics.

5Prior to 1919-20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions.

6Prior to 1919-20, includes interest on school debt.

7Because of the modification of the scope of "current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools," data for 1959-60 and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years.

8Beginning in 1969-70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities.

9Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959-60, also includes community services, formerly classified with "current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools."

10Excludes community colleges and adult education.

11Prior to 1959-60, average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. Data for 1959-60 and later years are estimated by the National Education Association.

12Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs.

13"ADA" means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools.

14Expenditure figure is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt.

15Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term.

16Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959-60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1869-70 through 1909-10; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1919-20 through 1949-50; Statistics of State School Systems, 1959-60 and 1969-70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1979-80; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Questionnaire," 1999-2000 and 2007-08; Common Core of Data (CCD), "State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education," 1989-90 through 2012-13, and "National Public Education Financial Survey," 1989-90 through 2011-12. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, retrieved October 3, 2014, from http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2013/2013-nat-res.html. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.bea.gov/itable/. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://stats.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat. (This table was prepared May 2015.)