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Table 311.40. | Percentage of first-year undergraduate students who reported taking remedial education courses, by selected student and institution characteristics: 2003-04, 2007-08, and 2011–12 |
[Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selected student or institution characteristic | 2003-04 first-year undergraduates1 | 2007-08 first-year undergraduates1 | 2011-12 first-year undergraduates1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Percent who took any remedial courses | Percent who took specific remedial courses in 2003-04 |
Percent who took any remedial courses | Total number of students (in thou-sands) | Students who took any remedial courses | Percent who took specific remedial courses in 2011-12 |
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Ever | In 2003-04 | English | Mathematics | Reading | Writing | Ever | In 2007-08 | Percent who ever took | Number who took in 2011-12 (in thousands) | Percent who took in 2011-12 |
English | Mathematics | Reading | Writing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 34.7 | (0.37) | 19.1 | (0.29) | 5.7 | (0.22) | 14.6 | (0.26) | 5.5 | (0.17) | 6.9 | (0.18) | 36.1 | (0.38) | 19.9 | (0.35) | 9,437 | 32.6 | (0.42) | 1,864 | 19.7 | (0.36) | 10.0 | (0.25) | 16.2 | (0.34) | 7.4 | (0.23) | 7.5 | (0.25) | ||||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 32.9 | (0.52) | 18.3 | (0.45) | 5.5 | (0.30) | 13.9 | (0.41) | 5.2 | (0.22) | 6.6 | (0.27) | 33.0 | (0.53) | 19.2 | (0.50) | 4,079 | 30.8 | (0.61) | 811 | 19.9 | (0.55) | 10.4 | (0.37) | 16.0 | (0.49) | 7.2 | (0.32) | 7.6 | (0.36) | ||||||||||||
Female | 36.0 | (0.55) | 19.7 | (0.39) | 5.8 | (0.23) | 15.0 | (0.33) | 5.8 | (0.24) | 7.1 | (0.26) | 38.6 | (0.51) | 20.5 | (0.46) | 5,359 | 34.0 | (0.52) | 1,053 | 19.7 | (0.46) | 9.7 | (0.35) | 16.3 | (0.43) | 7.5 | (0.29) | 7.4 | (0.26) | ||||||||||||
Race/ethnicity of student | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 31.7 | (0.42) | 17.7 | (0.35) | 4.9 | (0.21) | 13.5 | (0.32) | 4.4 | (0.18) | 6.4 | (0.22) | 31.3 | (0.46) | 17.7 | (0.41) | 4,997 | 29.4 | (0.51) | 885 | 17.7 | (0.47) | 8.1 | (0.33) | 14.7 | (0.43) | 5.8 | (0.29) | 6.3 | (0.29) | ||||||||||||
Black | 41.2 | (0.99) | 22.4 | (0.76) | 7.5 | (0.52) | 17.1 | (0.66) | 7.8 | (0.49) | 6.9 | (0.44) | 45.1 | (0.99) | 24.4 | (0.86) | 1,871 | 37.6 | (0.89) | 416 | 22.2 | (0.75) | 12.8 | (0.54) | 18.2 | (0.72) | 10.1 | (0.53) | 9.2 | (0.55) | ||||||||||||
Hispanic | 37.5 | (0.92) | 20.9 | (0.69) | 6.4 | (0.52) | 16.5 | (0.63) | 6.9 | (0.49) | 8.1 | (0.48) | 42.7 | (1.08) | 22.5 | (0.78) | 1,728 | 35.8 | (0.99) | 388 | 22.4 | (0.81) | 11.5 | (0.56) | 18.7 | (0.76) | 8.4 | (0.46) | 8.5 | (0.48) | ||||||||||||
Asian | 39.6 | (1.72) | 17.6 | (1.56) | 8.2 | (1.09) | 10.9 | (1.19) | 7.0 | (0.83) | 8.4 | (0.93) | 38.9 | (2.05) | 20.0 | (1.90) | 410 | 37.6 | (2.25) | 94 | 23.0 | (1.75) | 14.6 | (1.53) | 15.2 | (1.19) | 11.1 | (1.57) | 11.5 | (1.52) | ||||||||||||
Pacific Islander | 40.8 | (5.11) | 22.4 | (4.55) | 10.2 | ! | (4.18) | 19.8 | (4.64) | 10.1 | ! | (4.07) | 11.3 | ! | (4.00) | 39.9 | (4.63) | 19.1 | (3.90) | 46 | 33.4 | (5.16) | 7 | 15.2 | (3.50) | 9.6 | ! | (3.15) | 11.9 | (3.11) | 4.2 | (1.25) | 5.5 | ! | (1.65) | |||||||
American Indian/Alaska Native |
44.8 | (4.33) | 23.6 | (3.10) | 3.4 | (0.99) | 17.3 | (2.79) | 8.4 | (2.28) | 8.0 | (2.35) | 48.0 | (4.65) | 29.6 | (3.87) | 106 | 34.9 | (4.11) | 21 | 19.8 | (2.79) | 10.2 | (2.03) | 17.4 | (2.79) | 9.0 | (2.03) | 7.1 | (1.71) | ||||||||||||
Two or more races | 33.9 | (2.01) | 20.8 | (1.80) | 4.7 | (0.90) | 14.8 | (1.48) | 4.9 | (0.98) | 6.5 | (1.12) | 32.3 | (2.29) | 20.4 | (2.06) | 280 | 29.8 | (2.02) | 53 | 19.0 | (1.68) | 9.8 | (1.56) | 15.4 | (1.58) | 5.5 | (1.01) | 5.7 | (0.91) | ||||||||||||
Other | 31.1 | (2.78) | 17.2 | (2.34) | 5.0 | (1.35) | 14.3 | (2.12) | 6.1 | (1.30) | 6.9 | (1.63) | 35.2 | (6.00) | 21.7 | (5.11) | — | — | (†) | — | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | ||||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 to 23 | 33.6 | (0.41) | 21.3 | (0.38) | 6.5 | (0.28) | 16.0 | (0.34) | 6.4 | (0.22) | 8.2 | (0.22) | 34.5 | (0.46) | 22.0 | (0.42) | 5,549 | 31.0 | (0.49) | 1,169 | 21.1 | (0.38) | 10.6 | (0.30) | 17.3 | (0.36) | 7.6 | (0.24) | 7.7 | (0.28) | ||||||||||||
24 to 29 | 34.9 | (1.02) | 15.9 | (0.78) | 4.3 | (0.40) | 12.8 | (0.65) | 4.0 | (0.40) | 5.0 | (0.55) | 39.5 | (0.96) | 19.3 | (0.86) | 1,618 | 34.4 | (1.12) | 278 | 17.2 | (0.91) | 8.3 | (0.61) | 14.2 | (0.86) | 6.4 | (0.55) | 6.4 | (0.52) | ||||||||||||
30 or older | 37.4 | (0.86) | 15.6 | (0.51) | 4.5 | (0.35) | 12.1 | (0.51) | 4.4 | (0.32) | 4.6 | (0.31) | 37.9 | (0.83) | 15.2 | (0.67) | 2,270 | 35.4 | (0.94) | 417 | 18.4 | (0.82) | 9.7 | (0.53) | 14.9 | (0.73) | 7.6 | (0.57) | 7.7 | (0.56) | ||||||||||||
Attendance status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exclusively full-time | 31.3 | (0.46) | 19.0 | (0.37) | 5.7 | (0.22) | 14.0 | (0.35) | 5.6 | (0.22) | 7.5 | (0.23) | 31.4 | (0.53) | 19.3 | (0.45) | 4,774 | 28.1 | (0.48) | 840 | 17.6 | (0.41) | 9.1 | (0.28) | 14.2 | (0.41) | 6.6 | (0.27) | 6.7 | (0.26) | ||||||||||||
Exclusively part-time | 37.4 | (0.65) | 17.9 | (0.51) | 5.3 | (0.31) | 14.0 | (0.46) | 5.0 | (0.28) | 5.6 | (0.28) | 39.8 | (0.70) | 18.9 | (0.59) | 3,280 | 37.4 | (0.81) | 699 | 21.3 | (0.78) | 10.3 | (0.50) | 17.7 | (0.71) | 7.7 | (0.43) | 7.9 | (0.50) | ||||||||||||
Mixed full- and part-time | 40.9 | (0.96) | 23.5 | (0.84) | 7.1 | (0.56) | 18.6 | (0.79) | 7.1 | (0.47) | 8.3 | (0.45) | 42.5 | (0.98) | 26.2 | (0.93) | 1,383 | 37.0 | (0.95) | 324 | 23.4 | (0.74) | 12.2 | (0.57) | 19.5 | (0.71) | 9.3 | (0.53) | 9.1 | (0.50) | ||||||||||||
Student housing status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On-campus | 24.5 | (0.70) | 16.8 | (0.56) | 4.8 | (0.30) | 11.3 | (0.49) | 4.8 | (0.31) | 8.2 | (0.40) | 23.2 | (0.84) | 17.1 | (0.76) | 1,055 | 17.9 | (0.78) | 148 | 14.1 | (0.67) | 6.5 | (0.48) | 10.9 | (0.58) | 3.9 | (0.37) | 5.0 | (0.46) | ||||||||||||
Off-campus | 35.8 | (0.59) | 16.9 | (0.40) | 5.1 | (0.30) | 13.3 | (0.35) | 4.6 | (0.22) | 5.5 | (0.28) | 37.2 | (0.57) | 17.7 | (0.48) | 4,326 | 34.0 | (0.65) | 846 | 19.6 | (0.63) | 9.7 | (0.41) | 15.9 | (0.58) | 7.8 | (0.41) | 7.8 | (0.43) | ||||||||||||
With parents or relatives | 37.6 | (0.60) | 24.2 | (0.59) | 7.1 | (0.37) | 18.3 | (0.52) | 7.6 | (0.35) | 8.6 | (0.36) | 39.4 | (0.77) | 24.9 | (0.64) | 3,462 | 35.3 | (0.78) | 768 | 22.2 | (0.61) | 11.6 | (0.43) | 18.5 | (0.56) | 8.2 | (0.37) | 8.1 | (0.42) | ||||||||||||
Attended more than one institution |
36.5 | (1.18) | 18.3 | (0.99) | 6.4 | (0.58) | 14.5 | (0.98) | 5.0 | (0.48) | 6.3 | (0.48) | 36.1 | (1.13) | 20.3 | (0.99) | 594 | 32.7 | (1.09) | 101 | 17.0 | (0.95) | 8.9 | (0.77) | 14.1 | (0.86) | 5.7 | (0.56) | 6.3 | (0.62) | ||||||||||||
Dependency status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dependent | 33.3 | (0.45) | 21.9 | (0.40) | 6.6 | (0.27) | 16.3 | (0.35) | 6.5 | (0.24) | 8.6 | (0.23) | 34.3 | (0.50) | 22.8 | (0.46) | 4,543 | 31.2 | (0.53) | 1,001 | 22.0 | (0.42) | 11.0 | (0.34) | 17.9 | (0.41) | 8.0 | (0.27) | 8.1 | (0.31) | ||||||||||||
Independent | 36.3 | (0.62) | 16.1 | (0.39) | 4.8 | (0.27) | 12.7 | (0.37) | 4.5 | (0.23) | 5.0 | (0.27) | 38.0 | (0.59) | 17.0 | (0.50) | 4,894 | 33.9 | (0.57) | 863 | 17.6 | (0.52) | 9.0 | (0.34) | 14.5 | (0.50) | 6.8 | (0.34) | 6.9 | (0.30) | ||||||||||||
Veteran status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Veteran | 35.8 | (2.32) | 13.2 | (1.52) | 1.9 | (0.51) | 9.8 | (1.40) | 3.1 | (0.68) | 4.3 | (0.84) | 35.9 | (2.37) | 17.1 | (2.09) | 310 | 31.4 | (2.21) | 54 | 17.4 | (1.74) | 8.5 | (1.22) | 15.9 | (1.67) | 3.3 | (0.68) | 5.2 | (0.97) | ||||||||||||
Not veteran | 34.7 | (0.39) | 19.3 | (0.30) | 5.8 | (0.22) | 14.7 | (0.27) | 5.6 | (0.18) | 6.9 | (0.18) | 36.1 | (0.38) | 20.0 | (0.35) | 9,127 | 32.7 | (0.42) | 1,809 | 19.8 | (0.37) | 10.1 | (0.26) | 16.2 | (0.35) | 7.5 | (0.24) | 7.6 | (0.25) | ||||||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Business/management | 36.3 | (0.98) | 19.5 | (0.95) | 5.5 | (0.41) | 14.6 | (0.99) | 6.0 | (0.44) | 7.3 | (0.60) | 37.0 | (1.13) | 21.6 | (1.04) | 1,203 | 32.7 | (1.11) | 238 | 19.8 | (0.85) | 10.5 | (0.72) | 15.3 | (0.75) | 8.7 | (0.66) | 8.2 | (0.60) | ||||||||||||
Computer science | 33.7 | (1.59) | 19.1 | (1.37) | 4.7 | (0.66) | 14.6 | (1.26) | 5.3 | (0.82) | 5.6 | (0.73) | 34.4 | (2.25) | 19.6 | (1.74) | 402 | 29.3 | (1.69) | 70 | 17.4 | (1.40) | 8.9 | (1.14) | 14.0 | (1.29) | 6.2 | (1.02) | 6.8 | (1.16) | ||||||||||||
Education | 41.1 | (1.58) | 22.9 | (1.13) | 6.3 | (0.74) | 17.4 | (1.00) | 6.3 | (0.72) | 8.7 | (0.86) | 40.5 | (1.91) | 22.9 | (1.48) | 387 | 36.0 | (1.84) | 84 | 21.6 | (1.53) | 10.6 | (1.08) | 16.4 | (1.23) | 7.9 | (1.03) | 7.2 | (0.90) | ||||||||||||
Engineering | 30.3 | (1.81) | 16.2 | (1.42) | 5.4 | (0.79) | 12.7 | (1.25) | 4.7 | (0.76) | 6.6 | (0.91) | 33.2 | (1.77) | 18.9 | (1.55) | 409 | 33.1 | (1.88) | 86 | 20.9 | (1.63) | 11.0 | (1.22) | 15.4 | (1.33) | 7.9 | (1.23) | 9.1 | (1.22) | ||||||||||||
Health | 36.9 | (0.82) | 19.6 | (0.67) | 6.1 | (0.48) | 15.4 | (0.62) | 5.7 | (0.43) | 6.2 | (0.49) | 38.3 | (0.94) | 18.8 | (0.83) | 2,023 | 34.6 | (0.74) | 381 | 18.8 | (0.70) | 9.1 | (0.55) | 16.7 | (0.67) | 6.7 | (0.45) | 6.7 | (0.39) | ||||||||||||
Humanities | 34.1 | (1.28) | 18.9 | (0.94) | 5.7 | (0.46) | 14.3 | (0.88) | 5.0 | (0.52) | 7.3 | (0.52) | 38.5 | (0.95) | 22.7 | (0.85) | 1,776 | 36.6 | (1.03) | 424 | 23.9 | (0.91) | 11.7 | (0.60) | 19.6 | (0.80) | 8.9 | (0.62) | 8.9 | (0.60) | ||||||||||||
Life sciences | 31.1 | (1.82) | 19.6 | (1.71) | 5.7 | (1.26) | 14.5 | (1.47) | 5.4 | (1.21) | 8.0 | (1.20) | 31.2 | (1.91) | 20.6 | (1.74) | 416 | 26.7 | (1.71) | 75 | 17.9 | (1.11) | 9.1 | (0.92) | 14.2 | (1.01) | 6.4 | (0.89) | 7.1 | (0.82) | ||||||||||||
Mathematics | 23.0 | (5.55) | 11.0 | ! | (4.43) | ‡ | (†) | 9.3 | ! | (4.26) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 40.8 | (6.22) | 15.4 | ! | (5.13) | 24 | 14.3 | ! | (4.57) | ‡ | 8.4 | ! | (2.81) | 4.6 | ! | (2.26) | 7.6 | ! | (2.67) | ‡ | (†) | 6.2 | ! | (2.51) | ||||
Physical sciences | 23.7 | (4.35) | 12.8 | (3.45) | 7.4 | ! | (2.82) | 5.2 | ! | (2.11) | 6.3 | ! | (3.02) | ‡ | (†) | 24.2 | (4.43) | 14.7 | (3.72) | 58 | 29.2 | (4.72) | 14 | 24.7 | (4.59) | 17.2 | (4.25) | 20.8 | (4.24) | 8.9 | ! | (3.16) | 13.6 | (3.98) | ||||||||
Social/behavioral sciences | 33.2 | (2.06) | 19.3 | (1.57) | 5.5 | (0.90) | 14.5 | (1.38) | 6.5 | (1.00) | 8.6 | (1.04) | 35.2 | (2.17) | 23.5 | (1.95) | 392 | 27.7 | (1.87) | 78 | 19.8 | (1.38) | 9.1 | (0.87) | 16.6 | (1.37) | 6.0 | (0.88) | 7.6 | (0.79) | ||||||||||||
Vocational/technical | 38.4 | (2.09) | 18.3 | (1.59) | 5.0 | (0.85) | 14.4 | (1.39) | 5.6 | (1.00) | 4.7 | (0.60) | 31.4 | (1.90) | 15.8 | (1.73) | 431 | 26.9 | (1.94) | 68 | 15.7 | (1.59) | 7.6 | (1.12) | 13.0 | (1.56) | 5.9 | (0.85) | 5.7 | (1.02) | ||||||||||||
Undeclared | 33.5 | (0.67) | 19.2 | (0.58) | 5.9 | (0.37) | 14.4 | (0.49) | 5.1 | (0.33) | 7.2 | (0.37) | 35.6 | (1.27) | 19.8 | (1.13) | 299 | 31.8 | (2.10) | 66 | 22.0 | (1.86) | 10.7 | (1.53) | 17.4 | (1.68) | 7.9 | (1.41) | 6.6 | (1.13) | ||||||||||||
Other | 33.2 | (1.51) | 17.9 | (1.07) | 5.2 | (0.67) | 13.6 | (0.95) | 6.1 | (0.56) | 5.8 | (0.56) | 34.6 | (1.20) | 18.3 | (0.96) | 1,350 | 29.3 | (0.94) | 225 | 16.7 | (0.77) | 9.4 | (0.64) | 13.9 | (0.70) | 6.4 | (0.52) | 6.7 | (0.56) | ||||||||||||
Type of institution | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public less-than-2-year | 30.6 | (1.85) | 10.9 | (1.09) | 4.8 | (0.80) | 9.4 | (1.05) | 4.0 | (0.86) | 3.9 | (0.90) | 31.9 | (1.99) | 9.0 | (0.89) | 58 | 30.2 | (6.13) | 7 | 12.2 | ! | (3.86) | 8.5 | ! | (4.11) | 10.5 | ! | (3.34) | 6.5 | ! | (3.19) | 1.6 | ! | (0.75) | |||||||
Public 2-year | 41.4 | (0.59) | 23.0 | (0.47) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 18.3 | (0.42) | 7.1 | (0.28) | 7.2 | (0.27) | 41.8 | (0.54) | 23.7 | (0.48) | 5,038 | 40.3 | (0.67) | 1,289 | 25.6 | (0.64) | 13.2 | (0.43) | 21.0 | (0.60) | 10.3 | (0.38) | 9.7 | (0.41) | ||||||||||||
Public 4-year nondoctorate | 34.1 | (1.75) | 21.3 | (1.11) | 5.3 | (0.60) | 16.3 | (1.04) | 5.2 | (0.55) | 8.5 | (0.62) | 38.9 | (1.23) | 25.4 | (1.12) | 817 | 37.8 | (2.12) | 198 | 24.3 | (1.30) | 10.2 | (0.79) | 20.4 | (1.25) | 6.9 | (0.78) | 7.9 | (0.88) | ||||||||||||
Public 4-year doctorate | 25.7 | (1.11) | 16.3 | (0.63) | 4.4 | (0.34) | 11.6 | (0.60) | 3.9 | (0.39) | 8.1 | (0.42) | 25.0 | (1.03) | 17.8 | (0.85) | 893 | 21.9 | (0.84) | 139 | 15.6 | (0.80) | 6.8 | (0.47) | 12.8 | (0.71) | 3.5 | (0.33) | 4.5 | (0.45) | ||||||||||||
Private nonprofit less- than-4-year |
30.8 | (1.87) | 12.6 | (1.69) | 4.2 | (0.93) | 10.1 | (1.33) | 2.7 | (0.71) | 4.8 | (1.14) | 32.6 | (3.07) | 10.6 | (2.37) | 58 | 22.3 | (4.25) | 6 | 9.4 | ! | (3.42) | 5.9 | (1.73) | 8.1 | ! | (2.86) | ‡ | (†) | 3.5 | ! | (1.64) | |||||||||
Private nonprofit 4-year nondoctorate |
25.7 | (1.19) | 14.4 | (0.81) | 5.2 | (0.70) | 9.4 | (0.56) | 3.9 | (0.42) | 6.7 | (0.79) | 25.9 | (1.73) | 16.4 | (1.43) | 375 | 24.4 | (1.66) | 58 | 15.3 | (1.23) | 7.8 | (1.04) | 10.9 | (1.06) | 4.9 | (0.77) | 7.0 | (0.97) | ||||||||||||
Private nonprofit 4-year doctorate |
18.4 | (1.64) | 11.7 | (1.37) | 2.5 | (0.53) | 7.5 | (1.34) | 2.9 | (0.56) | 6.3 | (0.90) | 22.7 | (1.63) | 13.1 | (1.34) | 356 | 14.6 | (1.85) | 34 | 9.6 | (1.24) | 4.0 | (0.65) | 7.3 | (1.26) | 3.4 | ! | (1.03) | 4.2 | (0.70) | |||||||||||
Private for-profit less-than-2-year |
24.1 | (0.48) | 7.8 | (0.23) | 3.1 | (0.18) | 4.7 | (0.16) | 2.2 | (0.19) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 26.6 | (0.95) | 5.7 | (0.47) | 402 | 16.7 | (0.74) | 15 | 3.8 | (0.56) | 2.2 | (0.39) | 3.4 | (0.57) | 1.9 | (0.46) | 1.7 | (0.39) | ||||||||||||
Private for-profit 2 years or more |
25.3 | (1.63) | 11.7 | (1.04) | 4.1 | (0.50) | 7.5 | (0.75) | 3.3 | (0.45) | 4.9 | (0.70) | 28.8 | (1.42) | 11.3 | (1.16) | 1,439 | 20.9 | (0.74) | 118 | 8.2 | (0.37) | 5.2 | (0.34) | 6.6 | (0.36) | 3.2 | (0.24) | 4.3 | (0.29) |
—Not available. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Student status was determined by accumulation of credits. Students attending postsecondary education part time, or not completing the credit accumulation requirements for second-year status, could be considered first-year students for more than one year. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NOTE: Data are based on a sample survey of students who enrolled at any time during the school year. Percentages of students who took remedial courses are based on student reports. Data for 2003-04 and 2007-08 include Puerto Rico, which is excluded from the 2011-12 data. Detail may not sum to totals because of survey item nonresponse and rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003-04, 2007-08, and 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04, NPSAS:08, and NPSAS:12). (This table was prepared March 2014.) |