Elementary and Secondary Education

School Characteristics and Climate

Table S-29-2. Standard errors for the percentage of fourth-grade and eighth-grade students whose science teachers reported that they participated in various professional development activities in the 2 years prior to assessment, by country: 2007

Country	Content	Pedagogy/instruction	Critical thinking or problem solving	Assessment
Grade 4
England	4.05	4.23	4.30	4.05
Germany	2.85	2.59	2.46	2.23
Italy	2.14	1.95	1.92	1.44
Japan	3.78	3.96	2.40	2.91
Russian Federation	3.31	3.46	3.58	3.40
Scotland	4.08	4.35	3.95	3.20
United States	2.83	2.35	2.21	2.37

Grade 8
England	2.64	2.39	3.11	2.58
Germany	†	†	†	†
Italy	3.03	3.20	1.82	2.32
Japan	3.31	3.77	2.88	4.34
Russian Federation	2.08	1.56	2.19	2.20
Scotland	2.22	1.98	2.50	2.26
United States	2.28	2.81	2.93	3.00
† Not applicable.
SOURCE: Mullis, I.V.S., Martin, M.O., and Foy, P. (2008). TIMSS 2007 International Mathematics Report: Findings From IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study at the Fourth and Eighth Grades, exhibit 6.4. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.

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