Elementary and Secondary Education

Student Effort, Persistence and Progress

Table S-18-1. Standard errors for the percentage of students in kindergarten through grade 8 who had ever been retained in a grade during their school career, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1996–2007

Characteristic	1996	1999	2001	2003	2005	2007
Total	0.40	0.30	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.60
School type
Public	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.60
Private	0.70	0.70	0.60	0.90	1.20	1.90

Sex
Male	0.60	0.50	0.60	0.50	0.50	0.90
Female	0.50	0.40	0.50	0.60	0.50	0.80

Race/ethnicity
White	0.40	0.40	0.50	0.40	0.50	0.70
Black	1.10	1.10	1.00	1.20	1.40	2.40
Hispanic	1.20	0.90	0.90	1.00	0.90	1.40
Asian	2.00	1.10	1.00	1.70	0.70	†
Other	1.90	2.30	2.30	2.60	1.50	2.10

Mother’s education
Less than high school	1.40	1.30	1.50	1.70	1.40	2.90
High school graduate or equivalent	0.70	0.80	0.70	0.80	0.90	1.30
Vocational/technical or some college	0.50	0.50	0.70	0.60	0.70	1.30
Bachelor’s degree	0.50	0.60	0.50	0.60	0.60	0.60
Graduate/professional school	1.10	0.80	0.90	0.80	1.00	0.60

Poverty status
Poor	1.30	1.10	1.30	1.30	1.40	2.20
Near-poor	0.70	0.70	0.80	0.90	0.90	1.10
Nonpoor	0.30	0.30	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40

Region
Northeast	0.80	0.80	0.90	1.00	0.80	1.80
South	0.80	0.60	0.70	0.80	0.80	1.10
Midwest	0.80	0.70	0.80	0.70	0.70	1.20
West	0.70	0.60	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.80

Primary language spoken in home
English	0.40	0.30	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.60
Language other than English	2.20	1.30	1.40	1.30	1.70	1.90

Country of birth
United States	†	0.30	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.60
Other jurisdictions	†	†	†	†	†	†
Other country	†	1.30	1.40	1.70	1.80	2.80
Of the percentage of students who had ever been retained
Grade level retained
Kindergarten–1st grade	1.05	1.07	1.22	1.25	1.20	2.36
2nd–3rd grade	1.09	1.48	1.28	1.20	1.02	1.88
4th–5th grade	0.92	1.26	1.13	1.17	1.31	2.10
6th–8th grade	0.86	1.34	1.16	1.55	1.02	1.33
† Not applicable.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent Survey, Before- and After-School Programs Survey, and Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the 1996–2007 NHES (Parent-NHES:1999; ASPA-NHES:2001 and 2005; and PFI-NHES:1996, 2003, and 2007).

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