Elementary and Secondary Education

School Characteristics and Climate

Table A-28-1. Number and percentage distribution of continuing and newly hired regular teachers, by career path and teacher and school characteristics: School years 1999–2000 and 2007–08

	1999–2000										2007–08
	Continuing teachers	Newly hired teachers									Continuing teachers	Newly hired teachers
			Career path											Career path
Characteristic		Total	Direct- entry¹		Delayed- entry²		Reentry³		Transfer⁴			Total		Direct- entry¹		Delayed- entry²		Reentry³		Transfer⁴
Total, number	2,806,600	450,500	82,800		63,400		73,400		230,900		3,168,500	516,500		97,500		66,500		75,200		277,300
Total, percentage distribution	86.2	13.8	2.5		2.0		2.3		7.1		86.0	14.0		2.7		1.8		2.0		7.5

Average age	43.3	34.8	26.8		32.5		39.4		36.9		43.5	35.7		27.4		32.8		40.2		38.1

Employment status
Full-time	96.0	91.8	93.7		89.3		84.0		94.2		95.4	92.6		95.7		88.8		84.5		94.6
Part-time	4.0	8.2	6.3		10.7		16.0		5.8		4.6	7.4		4.3		11.3		15.5		5.4

Sex
Male	24.9	24.9	27.7		24.7		22.0		24.8		24.7	24.3		21.8		27.7		21.8		25.0
Female	75.1	75.2	72.3		75.3		78.0		75.3		75.3	75.8		78.2		72.3		78.2		75.1

Race/ethnicity⁵
White	85.1	83.3	82.7		78.1		87.6		83.5		83.6	80.8		79.5		79.5		81.0		81.4
Black	7.1	7.9	6.2		12.7		5.5		7.9		6.5	8.3		5.6		8.2		7.7		9.4
Hispanic	5.4	6.4	8.4		6.9		4.5		6.2		7.0	7.4		9.9		9.6	!	7.0		6.1
Asian	1.6	1.8	2.4		1.9		1.8		1.6		1.4	1.6	!	2.1	!	1.0	!	1.7	!	1.5	!
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	―	―	―		―		―		―		0.2	0.2	!	0.1	!	0.1	!	0.1	!	0.3	!
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.8	0.7	0.4		0.5	!	0.5	!	0.8		0.5	0.5		0.7	!	0.3	!	0.7	!	0.4
Two or more races	―	―	―		―		―		―		0.8	1.3		2.2	!	1.3	!	1.8	!	0.9	!

Highest degree earned⁶
Less than bachelor's	1.4	2.3	1.6		6.3		3.0		1.2		1.7	1.7		1.0	!	5.6		2.3		0.9	!
Bachelor's	51.3	67.1	81.5		75.3		57.6		62.8		46.8	62.1		82.7		71.1		56.5		54.2
Master's	41.9	26.4	14.9		16.5		33.4		31.1		44.5	31.2		14.7		21.6		35.0		38.3
Education specialist or professional diploma
Education specialist or professional diploma	4.6	3.3	1.9	!	0.8	!	4.1		4.3		6.0	4.1		0.8	!	0.5	!	4.2		6.0
Doctoral or first-professional	0.8	0.9	0.2	!	1.2		2.1		0.6	!	1.1	1.0		0.9	!	1.3	!	2.1	!	0.7	!

Certification type⁷
Regular	87.5	65.6	53.2		36.5		64.6		78.3		85.7	63.0		51.4		25.5		56.4		77.9
Probationary	2.5	7.7	16.1		8.8		5.7		5.1		2.7	11.1		20.9		11.4		11.1		7.6
Provisional	2.0	6.3	6.4		10.6		6.5		5.0		―	―		―		―		―		―
Temporary	0.7	2.3	2.8		4.9		1.7		1.6		3.7	10.1		14.3		21.2		10.2		5.9
Waiver or emergency	0.4	1.5	2.2		4.5		0.7	!	0.6		1.9	4.8		5.8		13.7		2.9	!	2.8
No certification	7.0	16.7	19.3		34.7		20.8		9.4		6.1	11.1		7.7		28.2		19.4		5.9

School level
Elementary	62.0	61.9	61.4		60.8		56.4		64.1		60.0	59.4		63.3		48.3		54.3		62.1
Secondary	31.7	29.3	30.9		28.4		27.2		29.7		31.1	29.7		28.6		31.2		28.7		30.1
Combined	6.3	8.8	7.7		10.8		16.4		6.1		8.9	10.9		8.1		20.5		17.0		7.9

Sector
Public	87.6	82.5	84.1		76.7		68.5		88.0		87.9	85.0		89.7		74.6		68.9		90.2
Private	12.4	17.5	15.9		23.3		31.5		12.0		12.1	15.0		10.3		25.4		31.2		9.8

Percentage of students in school approved
for free or reduced-price lunch
0–25 percent	39.5	36.6	40.2		30.8		31.6		38.5		30.6	27.0		29.7		20.6		25.4		28.0
26–50 percent	22.2	21.3	18.4		17.0		19.7		24.0		26.6	24.5		24.5		21.5		18.4		27.0
51–75 percent	13.3	14.5	13.8		15.8		13.5		14.7		18.3	18.7		21.5		17.2		15.5		18.9
76–100 percent	10.5	10.2	11.6		15.3		7.3		9.3		14.6	17.1		15.8		20.4		15.4		17.3
School did not participate	14.5	17.4	16.1		21.2		27.8		13.6		9.9	12.7		8.6		20.4		25.4		8.8
― Not available.
! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable).
¹ First-year teachers who had finished teacher training the previous year and entered teaching without a delay.
² First-year teachers who had engaged in an activity other than teaching for some time between graduating and beginning teaching.
³ Teachers who had taught in the past but did not teach at the elementary or secondary level during the previous year.
⁴ Teachers who were teaching in another school system the previous year.
⁵ Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. In 1999–2000, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" were not reported separately; therefore, "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" is included in "Asian." Respondents were not able to report more than one race in the 1999–2000 questionnaire. For more information on race/ethnicity, see supplemental note 1.
⁶ "Less than bachelor's" comprises teachers with an associate's degree and those without a degree. "Education specialist/professional diploma" comprises teachers with a certificate of advanced graduate studies. See glossary for the definition and a list of first-professional degrees.
⁷ The regular certification category includes regular or standard state certificates and advanced professional certificates (for both public and private school teachers), as well as full certificates granted by an accrediting or certifying body other than the state (for private school teachers only). Probationary certificates are for those who have satisfied all requirements except the completion of a probationary period. Provisional certificates are for those who are still participating in an "alternative certification program." Temporary certificates are for those who require additional college coursework and/or student teaching. Waivers or emergency certificates are for those with insufficient teacher preparation who must complete a regular certification program in order to continue teaching. No certification indicates that the teacher did not hold any certification in the state where they had taught.
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. A regular teacher is any teacher whose primary position in a school is not an itinerant teacher, a long-term substitute, a short-term substitute, a student teacher, a teacher aide, an administrator, a library media specialist or librarian, or another type of professional staff (e.g., counselor, curriculum coordinator, social worker) or support staff (e.g. secretary). For more information on poverty, see supplemental note 1. For more information on the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), see supplemental note 3.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public Charter School Teacher Data File," 1999–2000 and "Public School Teacher Data File" and "Private School Teacher Data File," 1999–2000 and 2007–08.

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