¹Family risk factors include living below the federal poverty level, primary home language was non-English, mother’s highest education was less than a high school diploma/GED, and living in single-parent household, as measured in kindergarten. Values range from zero to four. See supplemental note 1 for more information on mother’s education and poverty.

NOTE: Estimates reflect the sample of children assessed in English in all assessment years (approximately 19 percent of Asian children and approximately 30 percent of Hispanic children were not assessed). Data were not collected in 2001, when most of the children were in 2nd grade. Although most of the sample was in 3rd grade in 2002, 10 percent were in 2nd grade and 1 percent were enrolled in other grades. See supplemental note 3 for more information on the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS–K).

SOURCE: Rathbun, A., and West, J. (2004). From Kindergarten Through Third Grade: Children’s Beginning School Experiences (NCES 2004–007), table A-9 and previously unpublished tabulation (November 2004). Data from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998 (ECLS–K), Longitudinal Kindergarten-First Grade Public-Use Data File and Third Grade Restricted-Use Data File.