| Characteristic |
Percent of children demonstrating proficiency in cognitive skills |
|
Percent of children demonstrating proficiency in motor skills |
| Explores objects |
Explores purposefully |
Jabbers expressively |
Early problem solving |
Names objects |
|
Eye-hand coordination |
Sitting |
Pre-walking |
Stands alone |
|
Skillful walking |
Balance |
|
| Total |
98.6 |
83.2 |
29.6 |
3.7 |
0.6 |
|
89.1 |
86.8 |
64.7 |
18.6 |
|
8.4 |
1.7 |
|
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
98.6 |
82.7 |
28.8 |
3.5 |
0.6 |
|
89.3 |
87.0 |
65.1 |
18.5 |
|
8.3 |
1.7 |
|
| Female |
98.7 |
83.8 |
30.4 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
|
88.9 |
86.6 |
64.4 |
18.7 |
|
8.4 |
1.8 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Race/ethnicity1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White |
98.8 |
84.0 |
30.4 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
|
88.7 |
86.5 |
63.7 |
18.0 |
|
8.1 |
1.6 |
|
| Black |
98.1 |
80.8 |
27.9 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
|
91.1 |
88.6 |
69.8 |
22.9 |
|
10.4 |
2.6 |
|
| Hispanic |
98.5 |
82.9 |
29.0 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
|
88.4 |
86.1 |
63.4 |
17.0 |
|
7.8 |
1.6 |
|
| Asian |
98.8 |
83.3 |
28.2 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
|
89.4 |
87.1 |
65.0 |
18.1 |
|
8.1 |
1.6 |
|
| Pacific Islander |
98.9 |
81.8 |
23.7 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
|
95.4 |
93.0 |
79.9 |
34.6 |
|
15.0 |
3.9 |
! |
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
98.4 |
80.3 |
27.3 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
|
90.2 |
87.8 |
66.7 |
19.6 |
|
8.5 |
1.5 |
|
| More than one race |
98.6 |
82.8 |
29.5 |
3.8 |
0.8 |
|
90.3 |
88.1 |
68.2 |
22.1 |
|
9.6 |
2.0 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary type of care arrangement2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No regular nonparental |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| arrangement |
98.5 |
82.4 |
28.7 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
|
88.2 |
86.0 |
63.1 |
17.7 |
|
8.0 |
1.6 |
|
| Home-based care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Relative care |
98.8 |
84.3 |
30.6 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
|
90.3 |
87.9 |
67.4 |
20.4 |
|
9.2 |
2.0 |
|
| Nonrelative care |
98.8 |
84.7 |
31.3 |
4.2 |
0.8 |
|
89.9 |
87.5 |
66.0 |
19.2 |
|
8.6 |
1.8 |
|
| Center-based care |
98.6 |
82.8 |
29.3 |
3.5 |
0.6 |
|
89.0 |
86.7 |
64.0 |
18.0 |
|
8.3 |
1.9 |
|
| Multiple arrangements |
98.3 |
78.6 |
25.0 |
2.7 |
0.4 |
|
87.1 |
84.9 |
61.6 |
13.6 |
|
6.2 |
0.8 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Parents’ highest level of education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Less than high school |
98.4 |
80.1 |
26.0 |
2.8 |
0.5 |
|
88.9 |
86.5 |
64.4 |
17.4 |
|
8.1 |
1.7 |
|
| High school diploma or equivalent |
98.4 |
82.6 |
29.2 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
|
89.6 |
87.3 |
66.9 |
20.7 |
|
9.1 |
1.9 |
|
| Some college |
98.7 |
84.4 |
30.8 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
|
90.0 |
87.7 |
66.7 |
20.6 |
|
9.2 |
2.0 |
|
| Bachelor’s degree |
98.8 |
83.9 |
30.2 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
|
88.2 |
86.0 |
62.4 |
16.2 |
|
7.4 |
1.4 |
|
| Any graduate education |
98.8 |
84.1 |
30.5 |
3.9 |
0.7 |
|
87.5 |
85.4 |
60.5 |
15.2 |
|
7.0 |
1.3 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mother’s employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Full-time (35 hours or more) |
98.7 |
83.9 |
30.1 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
|
89.9 |
87.6 |
66.4 |
19.3 |
|
8.7 |
1.8 |
|
| Part-time (less than 35 hours) |
98.9 |
85.3 |
31.7 |
4.2 |
0.8 |
|
89.7 |
87.5 |
66.1 |
19.5 |
|
8.7 |
1.8 |
|
| Looking for work |
98.5 |
81.7 |
27.7 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
|
89.7 |
87.3 |
66.5 |
19.6 |
|
8.9 |
2.0 |
|
| Not in labor force |
98.4 |
82.0 |
28.5 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
|
87.9 |
85.8 |
62.4 |
17.4 |
|
7.9 |
1.6 |
|
| No mother in household |
98.6 |
79.5 |
25.1 |
2.5 |
0.4 |
|
92.6 |
89.8 |
70.0 |
20.5 |
! |
9.0 |
1.6 |
! |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| In poverty |
98.3 |
80.9 |
27.1 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
|
89.1 |
86.8 |
65.5 |
19.2 |
|
8.7 |
1.9 |
|
| At or above poverty |
98.7 |
84.0 |
30.4 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
|
89.1 |
86.8 |
64.5 |
18.4 |
|
8.3 |
1.7 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Socioeconomic status (SES)3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lowest 20 percent |
98.3 |
81.1 |
27.2 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
|
89.1 |
86.7 |
65.3 |
18.5 |
|
8.4 |
1.8 |
|
| Middle 60 percent |
98.6 |
83.4 |
30.0 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
|
89.4 |
87.2 |
65.6 |
19.7 |
|
8.8 |
1.9 |
|
| Highest 20 percent |
98.8 |
84.8 |
30.6 |
3.8 |
0.6 |
|
88.0 |
85.8 |
61.6 |
15.6 |
|
7.1 |
1.3 |
|
| ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). |
| 1 Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. |
| 2 The parent questionnaire at about 9 months old asked whether care arrangements were home- or center-based, or a combination of both. |
| 3 Children are grouped into quintiles and classified into low, middle, and high SES based on a standardized composite index score of their parents’ education level, mother’s and father’s occupation, and family’s income. See glossary for a definition of socioeconomic status. Information about Head Start enrollment was not obtained until the 2- and 4-year-old follow-ups. |
| NOTE: Percentages reflect children who demonstrated mastery or “proficiency” within a subscale measuring specific skills. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) sampled children born in 2001. While ECLS-B assessed some infants as young as 6 months and as old as 22 months, the estimates reflect information collected on infants around 9 months old (8 to 10 months). For more information on race/ethnicity, parents’ education, SES, and poverty, see supplemental note 1. For more information on ECLS-B, see supplemental note 3. See glossary for definitions of cognitive development and motor development. |
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), Longitudinal 9-month–2-year Restricted-Use Data File and Longitudinal 9-month–Preschool Restricted-Use Data File. |
