| 2004 long-term trend reading, percentage of students, average scale score, and percentage at or above each performance level, by contextual variable, age 13: Selected years, 1971–2004 |
| Statistic |
Contextual variable |
1971 |
1975 |
1980 |
1984 |
1988 |
1990 |
1992 |
1994 |
1996 |
1999 |
2004 Bridge |
| Percentage of students |
Time spent on homework |
No homework assigned |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
30 |
(1.2) |
* |
22 |
(0.7) |
|
17 |
(1.4) |
|
21 |
(1.1) |
|
21 |
(1.3) |
|
23 |
(1.4) |
|
22 |
(1.8) |
|
24 |
(1.2) |
|
20 |
(1.3) |
|
| Did not do homework |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
6 |
(0.3) |
|
4 |
(0.2) |
* |
4 |
(0.4) |
* |
5 |
(0.5) |
|
4 |
(0.4) |
* |
6 |
(0.6) |
|
5 |
(0.5) |
|
5 |
(0.4) |
|
6 |
(0.4) |
|
| Less than 1 hour |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
32 |
(1.0) |
* |
36 |
(0.6) |
* |
37 |
(1.0) |
|
37 |
(0.9) |
|
36 |
(0.8) |
* |
34 |
(1.0) |
* |
37 |
(1.2) |
|
37 |
(1.4) |
|
40 |
(1.2) |
|
| 1 - 2 hours |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
24 |
(0.7) |
|
29 |
(0.5) |
* |
30 |
(1.2) |
* |
28 |
(1.0) |
|
29 |
(1.2) |
|
28 |
(1.0) |
|
27 |
(1.2) |
|
26 |
(1.0) |
|
26 |
(1.0) |
|
| More than 2 hours |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
7 |
(0.3) |
|
9 |
(0.3) |
|
11 |
(0.7) |
* |
8 |
(0.5) |
|
10 |
(0.8) |
|
9 |
(0.7) |
|
8 |
(0.9) |
|
8 |
(0.8) |
|
8 |
(0.5) |
|
| Pages read per day |
More than 20 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
11 |
(0.5) |
* |
13 |
(0.9) |
* |
11 |
(0.6) |
* |
14 |
(1.1) |
* |
14 |
(0.8) |
* |
14 |
(0.7) |
* |
16 |
(1.0) |
* |
21 |
(0.9) |
|
| 16 - 20 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
11 |
(0.2) |
* |
13 |
(0.7) |
|
11 |
(0.5) |
* |
13 |
(0.6) |
|
13 |
(0.5) |
|
13 |
(0.6) |
|
13 |
(0.7) |
|
14 |
(0.6) |
|
| 11 - 15 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
18 |
(0.4) |
|
18 |
(0.7) |
|
16 |
(0.6) |
* |
19 |
(0.6) |
|
17 |
(0.6) |
|
17 |
(0.8) |
|
18 |
(0.8) |
|
18 |
(0.6) |
|
| 6 - 10 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
34 |
(0.5) |
* |
33 |
(0.8) |
* |
34 |
(0.9) |
* |
31 |
(0.8) |
* |
31 |
(0.9) |
* |
31 |
(0.8) |
* |
31 |
(1.1) |
* |
26 |
(0.9) |
|
| 5 or fewer |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
27 |
(0.7) |
* |
24 |
(1.2) |
* |
27 |
(1.0) |
* |
23 |
(0.9) |
|
26 |
(0.9) |
* |
25 |
(1.0) |
* |
23 |
(1.0) |
* |
21 |
(0.7) |
|
| Items in the home |
0 - 2 items |
17 |
(0.6) |
* |
17 |
(0.6) |
* |
16 |
(0.8) |
* |
19 |
(0.5) |
* |
18 |
(1.1) |
* |
21 |
(0.8) |
* |
22 |
(0.9) |
* |
22 |
(0.9) |
* |
22 |
(0.8) |
* |
21 |
(0.9) |
* |
33 |
(1.2) |
|
| 3 items |
25 |
(0.5) |
* |
29 |
(0.4) |
* |
28 |
(0.3) |
* |
30 |
(0.4) |
* |
31 |
(0.9) |
* |
32 |
(0.6) |
|
31 |
(0.8) |
* |
32 |
(0.9) |
|
32 |
(0.7) |
|
32 |
(0.8) |
|
34 |
(0.7) |
|
| 4 items |
58 |
(1.0) |
* |
54 |
(0.8) |
* |
55 |
(0.9) |
* |
51 |
(0.7) |
* |
51 |
(1.0) |
* |
47 |
(1.0) |
* |
47 |
(1.2) |
* |
46 |
(1.3) |
* |
46 |
(1.0) |
* |
46 |
(1.0) |
* |
34 |
(1.0) |
|
| I don't know |
# |
(0.2) |
|
# |
(0.0) |
* |
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.0) |
* |
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.0) |
* |
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.1) |
|
# |
(0.1) |
|
| Reading for fun |
Daily |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
35 |
(1.0) |
* |
36 |
(2.4) |
|
35 |
(1.7) |
|
37 |
(2.4) |
|
32 |
(1.8) |
|
32 |
(1.9) |
|
28 |
(1.7) |
|
30 |
(2.0) |
|
| Weekly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
35 |
(1.2) |
|
31 |
(2.2) |
|
32 |
(1.7) |
|
32 |
(1.8) |
|
32 |
(2.1) |
|
31 |
(2.1) |
|
36 |
(1.7) |
|
34 |
(1.9) |
|
| Monthly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
14 |
(0.8) |
|
15 |
(1.6) |
|
13 |
(1.3) |
|
13 |
(1.5) |
|
14 |
(1.7) |
|
15 |
(1.4) |
|
17 |
(1.6) |
|
15 |
(1.2) |
|
| Yearly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
7 |
(0.5) |
|
8 |
(1.3) |
|
9 |
(1.1) |
|
8 |
(1.1) |
|
10 |
(1.2) |
|
9 |
(1.2) |
|
10 |
(1.2) |
|
9 |
(1.1) |
|
| Never |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
8 |
(0.6) |
* |
10 |
(0.9) |
|
11 |
(1.3) |
|
9 |
(1.5) |
|
12 |
(1.7) |
|
13 |
(1.5) |
|
9 |
(1.4) |
|
13 |
(1.3) |
|
| Extent of reading in the home |
Never/Yearly/Monthly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
16 |
(1.0) |
* |
16 |
(1.9) |
* |
19 |
(1.6) |
* |
16 |
(1.6) |
* |
19 |
(1.7) |
* |
18 |
(1.8) |
* |
21 |
(1.9) |
* |
28 |
(1.8) |
|
| Weekly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
43 |
(1.1) |
|
44 |
(2.1) |
|
42 |
(1.9) |
|
40 |
(2.3) |
|
41 |
(1.9) |
|
40 |
(2.1) |
|
39 |
(2.5) |
|
42 |
(1.6) |
|
| Daily |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
41 |
(0.9) |
* |
40 |
(2.4) |
* |
39 |
(1.7) |
* |
44 |
(1.9) |
* |
40 |
(1.9) |
* |
42 |
(2.3) |
* |
39 |
(2.8) |
* |
30 |
(1.6) |
|
| Average scale score |
Time spent on homework |
No homework assigned |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
253 |
(1.2) |
* |
254 |
(1.0) |
* |
251 |
(2.1) |
|
252 |
(1.9) |
|
253 |
(1.8) |
|
250 |
(1.7) |
|
254 |
(1.3) |
* |
251 |
(2.0) |
|
248 |
(1.7) |
|
| Did not do homework |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
251 |
(1.7) |
|
247 |
(1.7) |
|
248 |
(4.2) |
|
244 |
(3.2) |
|
251 |
(3.8) |
|
243 |
(5.6) |
|
249 |
(3.3) |
|
249 |
(4.2) |
|
245 |
(3.4) |
|
| Less than 1 hour |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
260 |
(1.1) |
|
261 |
(0.6) |
|
259 |
(1.2) |
|
258 |
(1.1) |
|
260 |
(1.8) |
|
261 |
(1.3) |
|
258 |
(1.6) |
|
262 |
(1.2) |
|
261 |
(1.2) |
|
| 1 - 2 hours |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
264 |
(1.1) |
|
267 |
(0.8) |
|
262 |
(1.3) |
|
265 |
(1.6) |
|
269 |
(1.6) |
|
268 |
(1.7) |
|
266 |
(1.6) |
|
269 |
(1.6) |
|
268 |
(1.6) |
|
| More than 2 hours |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
262 |
(2.0) |
* |
264 |
(1.2) |
* |
264 |
(3.0) |
|
262 |
(2.2) |
* |
267 |
(2.7) |
|
270 |
(2.4) |
|
268 |
(2.3) |
|
269 |
(3.0) |
|
272 |
(2.0) |
|
| Pages read per day |
More than 20 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
261 |
(1.5) |
|
261 |
(1.9) |
|
259 |
(1.9) |
|
268 |
(2.7) |
|
261 |
(2.0) |
|
259 |
(2.3) |
|
265 |
(2.0) |
|
263 |
(1.8) |
|
| 16 - 20 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
263 |
(1.1) |
|
263 |
(1.8) |
|
263 |
(2.2) |
|
263 |
(2.5) |
|
263 |
(2.3) |
|
262 |
(2.1) |
|
264 |
(2.6) |
|
262 |
(1.8) |
|
| 11 - 15 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
264 |
(1.0) |
|
261 |
(1.7) |
|
264 |
(1.5) |
|
267 |
(1.7) |
|
266 |
(1.8) |
|
265 |
(2.0) |
|
263 |
(2.1) |
|
262 |
(1.7) |
|
| 6 - 10 |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
261 |
(0.6) |
|
260 |
(1.3) |
|
259 |
(1.2) |
|
261 |
(1.6) |
|
261 |
(1.4) |
|
261 |
(1.3) |
|
262 |
(1.7) |
|
260 |
(1.4) |
|
| 5 or fewer |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
250 |
(0.8) |
|
249 |
(1.8) |
|
248 |
(1.1) |
|
250 |
(1.9) |
|
249 |
(1.7) |
|
250 |
(1.5) |
|
249 |
(2.0) |
|
249 |
(1.5) |
|
| Items in the home |
0 - 2 items |
227 |
(1.3) |
* |
231 |
(1.2) |
* |
236 |
(1.3) |
* |
238 |
(0.9) |
* |
243 |
(1.8) |
|
239 |
(1.7) |
* |
241 |
(2.1) |
|
238 |
(1.8) |
* |
238 |
(1.4) |
* |
240 |
(1.9) |
|
245 |
(1.5) |
|
| 3 items |
249 |
(0.9) |
* |
250 |
(0.8) |
* |
253 |
(1.1) |
* |
254 |
(0.7) |
* |
256 |
(1.0) |
* |
255 |
(1.1) |
* |
256 |
(1.5) |
* |
258 |
(1.7) |
|
256 |
(1.4) |
* |
257 |
(1.2) |
|
261 |
(1.3) |
|
| 4 items |
267 |
(0.7) |
* |
267 |
(0.7) |
|
268 |
(0.6) |
|
266 |
(0.7) |
* |
264 |
(1.4) |
* |
266 |
(0.9) |
* |
271 |
(1.2) |
|
269 |
(0.9) |
|
270 |
(1.4) |
|
270 |
(1.4) |
|
270 |
(1.2) |
|
| I don't know |
217 |
(6.5) |
! |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
| Reading for fun |
Daily |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
264 |
(1.4) |
|
266 |
(3.1) |
|
269 |
(2.9) |
|
269 |
(2.5) |
|
272 |
(3.2) |
|
269 |
(3.3) |
|
272 |
(3.2) |
|
271 |
(2.8) |
|
| Weekly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
255 |
(1.4) |
|
260 |
(3.5) |
|
255 |
(3.6) |
|
260 |
(3.8) |
|
255 |
(3.1) |
|
258 |
(3.2) |
|
263 |
(3.2) |
|
261 |
(2.3) |
|
| Monthly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
255 |
(2.1) |
|
257 |
(2.9) |
|
251 |
(4.3) |
|
257 |
(3.2) |
|
255 |
(5.7) |
|
259 |
(4.6) |
|
260 |
(3.7) |
|
256 |
(3.9) |
|
| Yearly |
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
— |
— |
|
252 |
(3.6) |
|
— |
— |
|
245 |
(4.3) |
|
— |
— |
|
252 |
(5.4) |
|
— |
— |
|
|
