Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in public 4-year institutions, the average tuition increased from $2,800 to $4,200 and the average net tuition (tuition minus grants) grew from $1,900 to $2,700 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-2.1). Gains during this period were seen in the percentage receiving any type of financial aid (52 percent to 73 percent) and in the average amount of total financial aid received ($5,200 to $7,100) (figure D). Loans, in particular, became an increasingly important source of financing for students in this sector. In 1999–2000, one-half (50 percent) of all full-time undergraduates in public 4-year institutions were taking out loans, compared to about one-third (31 percent) 10 years earlier. The percentage receiving subsidized Stafford loans increased from 24 percent to 38 percent and the percentage receiving unsubsidized Stafford loans increased from 1 percent to 25 percent (table A-2.7). There were gains in Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and non-federal loan borrowing as well. Increases in aid were also driven by growth in the percentage of undergraduates receiving grants (42 percent to 55 percent) (figure D). In 1999–2000 (compared with 1989–90), both dependent and independent low-income students were more likely to receive federal Pell Grants (low-income dependent students: 73 percent vs. 65 percent; low-income independent students: 76 percent vs. 63 percent); low-income independent students were more likely to receive federal SEOGs (16 percent vs. 24 percent); and all full-time students were more likely to receive state or institutional grants (table A-2.11).