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| 2013 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 212.10. | Number, highest degree, average years of experience, and salaries of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993-94, 2003-04, and 2011-12 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected characteristic | Number of principals1 | Percentage distribution by highest degree earned, 2011-12 | Average years of experience | Average annual salary in constant 2012-13 dollars2 |
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| 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2011-12 | Bachelor's or less | Master's | Education specialist3 | Doctor's and first-professional | As a principal | Teaching experience, 2011-12 | 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2011-12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2011-12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Public schools | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 79,620 | (235) | 87,620 | (307) | 89,810 | (406) | 2.2 | (0.30) | 61.7 | (0.71) | 26.2 | (0.54) | 9.9 | (0.49) | 8.7 | (0.10) | 7.8 | (0.10) | 7.2 | (0.09) | 12.2 | (0.12) | $86,950 | (201) | $94,030 | (231) | $92,170 | (253) | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Males | 52,110 | (613) | 45,930 | (707) | 43,450 | (901) | 2.2 | (0.37) | 64.2 | (0.95) | 24.9 | (0.77) | 8.7 | (0.57) | 10.3 | (0.16) | 9.1 | (0.16) | 7.7 | (0.12) | 11.0 | (0.17) | 87,050 | (254) | 94,180 | (361) | 92,910 | (445) | ||||||||||||||
| Females | 27,500 | (542) | 41,690 | (708) | 46,360 | (801) | 2.1 | (0.43) | 59.4 | (1.08) | 27.5 | (0.93) | 11.0 | (0.80) | 5.6 | (0.12) | 6.3 | (0.13) | 6.6 | (0.15) | 13.3 | (0.20) | 86,760 | (437) | 93,850 | (416) | 91,490 | (485) | ||||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 67,080 | (540) | 72,200 | (509) | 72,070 | (723) | 1.8 | (0.29) | 62.0 | (0.68) | 26.9 | (0.58) | 9.3 | (0.46) | 9.0 | (0.12) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.3 | (0.10) | 12.4 | (0.13) | 86,330 | (219) | 93,500 | (276) | 91,590 | (325) | ||||||||||||||
| Black | 8,020 | (351) | 9,250 | (377) | 9,110 | (394) | 2.8 | (0.74) | 52.7 | (2.67) | 29.5 | (2.17) | 14.9 | (1.89) | 7.1 | (0.21) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 6.2 | (0.30) | 11.8 | (0.39) | 91,400 | (720) | 96,340 | (828) | 94,130 | (1,163) | ||||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 3,270 | (258) | 4,680 | (355) | 6,120 | (404) | 4.9 | ! | (1.70) | 70.6 | (3.73) | 15.9 | (2.69) | 8.5 | (2.18) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 6.1 | (0.43) | 6.1 | (0.42) | 10.5 | (0.45) | 88,540 | (1,265) | 98,940 | (1,705) | 95,400 | (1,438) | |||||||||||||
| Asian | 620 | 4 | (109) | 460 | (87) | 820 | (154) | ‡ | (†) | 62.8 | (10.48) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 6.0 | 4 | (0.60) | 6.8 | (1.17) | 7.7 | (1.13) | 10.6 | (1.16) | 94,220 | (2,259) | 102,920 | (2,082) | 104,430 | (4,339) | ||||||||||||
| Pacific Islander | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||||||||
| American Indian/ Alaska Native |
630 | (67) | 600 | (80) | 650 | (123) | ‡ | (†) | 75.7 | (7.38) | 13.1 | ! | (4.29) | ‡ | (†) | 12.6 | (0.67) | 6.9 | (0.63) | 9.2 | (1.67) | 13.7 | (1.92) | 81,020 | (2,748) | 77,220 | (2,649) | 82,020 | (3,818) | |||||||||||||
| Two or more races | — | (†) | 350 | (82) | 1,020 | (183) | ‡ | (†) | 59.0 | (8.49) | 30.1 | (8.48) | 10.9 | ! | (3.44) | — | (†) | 5.6 | (1.12) | 7.8 | (0.77) | 11.3 | (0.95) | — | (†) | 94,400 | (4,691) | 93,350 | (3,695) | |||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 40 | 5,940 | (273) | 12,840 | (477) | 18,040 | (523) | 3.0 | (0.63) | 67.2 | (1.67) | 21.7 | (1.26) | 8.2 | (0.99) | 2.8 | (0.13) | 2.4 | (0.10) | 3.0 | (0.10) | 7.6 | (0.11) | 73,770 | (750) | 85,700 | (678) | 87,340 | (712) | ||||||||||||||
| 40 to 44 | 14,570 | (496) | 9,540 | (449) | 17,650 | (565) | 2.4 | (0.60) | 62.3 | (1.69) | 25.0 | (1.48) | 10.3 | (1.30) | 5.0 | (0.12) | 4.5 | (0.18) | 4.8 | (0.13) | 9.8 | (0.16) | 82,480 | (612) | 90,050 | (824) | 89,720 | (661) | ||||||||||||||
| 45 to 49 | 25,430 | (429) | 16,120 | (526) | 14,700 | (541) | 1.7 | (0.52) | 63.4 | (2.01) | 24.9 | (1.54) | 9.9 | (1.11) | 7.1 | (0.13) | 6.1 | (0.16) | 6.5 | (0.18) | 11.7 | (0.23) | 87,840 | (413) | 91,260 | (656) | 91,490 | (873) | ||||||||||||||
| 50 to 54 | 18,870 | (539) | 24,170 | (669) | 15,060 | (668) | 2.8 | ! | (0.93) | 59.2 | (2.13) | 28.4 | (1.70) | 9.6 | (1.39) | 10.3 | (0.18) | 8.7 | (0.19) | 8.1 | (0.24) | 14.8 | (0.27) | 89,650 | (578) | 95,960 | (544) | 93,260 | (908) | |||||||||||||
| 55 or over | 14,820 | (441) | 24,960 | (679) | 24,350 | (655) | 1.3 | (0.29) | 57.7 | (1.32) | 30.0 | (1.15) | 11.0 | (0.82) | 15.1 | (0.35) | 11.9 | (0.23) | 11.8 | (0.22) | 16.0 | (0.26) | 91,650 | (785) | 99,740 | (593) | 97,280 | (616) | ||||||||||||||
| School type | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elementary | 53,680 | (294) | 61,480 | (361) | 61,250 | (443) | 1.7 | (0.30) | 62.6 | (0.93) | 26.4 | (0.72) | 9.3 | (0.68) | 8.9 | (0.14) | 7.9 | (0.13) | 7.2 | (0.13) | 12.4 | (0.16) | 85,840 | (267) | 93,900 | (280) | 91,220 | (308) | ||||||||||||||
| Secondary | 18,260 | (161) | 19,700 | (272) | 20,470 | (537) | 2.2 | (0.44) | 59.6 | (1.14) | 26.2 | (1.07) | 12.0 | (0.78) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.5 | (0.19) | 7.1 | (0.15) | 11.5 | (0.14) | 89,710 | (265) | 98,840 | (550) | 98,080 | (622) | ||||||||||||||
| Combined | 2,750 | (143) | 6,450 | (263) | 8,090 | (658) | 5.5 | (1.45) | 60.3 | (2.26) | 25.4 | (2.09) | 8.9 | (1.45) | 7.5 | (0.29) | 7.4 | (0.36) | 7.1 | (0.29) | 12.2 | (0.51) | 83,730 | (809) | 80,520 | (766) | 84,460 | (1,366) | ||||||||||||||
| School locale | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| City | — | (†) | 22,690 | (425) | 23,440 | (274) | 3.6 | (0.76) | 59.4 | (1.76) | 24.7 | (1.42) | 12.3 | (1.15) | — | (†) | 7.3 | (0.17) | 6.8 | (0.21) | 12.0 | (0.24) | — | (†) | 99,870 | (469) | 97,640 | (576) | ||||||||||||||
| Suburban | — | (†) | 25,600 | (506) | 24,520 | (356) | 1.2 | (0.27) | 59.0 | (1.42) | 26.9 | (1.15) | 12.9 | (0.99) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.23) | 7.3 | (0.21) | 11.6 | (0.21) | — | (†) | 106,330 | (589) | 103,470 | (468) | ||||||||||||||
| Town | — | (†) | 13,700 | (424) | 12,330 | (341) | 2.5 | ! | (0.79) | 61.4 | (1.94) | 29.1 | (1.74) | 7.0 | (0.81) | — | (†) | 8.1 | (0.28) | 7.3 | (0.24) | 12.5 | (0.30) | — | (†) | 85,860 | (626) | 84,410 | (564) | |||||||||||||
| Rural | — | (†) | 25,640 | (492) | 29,520 | (430) | 1.7 | (0.33) | 65.9 | (0.99) | 25.8 | (0.91) | 6.6 | (0.66) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.22) | 7.3 | (0.15) | 12.7 | (0.20) | — | (†) | 80,930 | (438) | 81,690 | (365) | ||||||||||||||
| Private schools | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 25,020 | (198) | 27,690 | (677) | 25,730 | (605) | 31.0 | (1.73) | 49.7 | (1.49) | 10.1 | (0.80) | 9.1 | (0.87) | 8.8 | (0.20) | 10.0 | (0.24) | 10.8 | (0.31) | 13.9 | (0.38) | $50,840 | (576) | $62,490 | (761) | $66,480 | (1,184) | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Males | 11,610 | (301) | 12,110 | (552) | 11,490 | (501) | 32.7 | (2.87) | 45.9 | (2.41) | 8.8 | (1.24) | 12.6 | (1.62) | 9.0 | (0.26) | 11.0 | (0.35) | 11.4 | (0.43) | 12.7 | (0.62) | 56,420 | (895) | 68,990 | (1,249) | 75,270 | (2,518) | ||||||||||||||
| Females | 13,410 | (283) | 15,580 | (491) | 14,240 | (462) | 29.7 | (1.93) | 52.9 | (1.84) | 11.2 | (1.10) | 6.2 | (0.81) | 8.6 | (0.27) | 9.2 | (0.28) | 10.4 | (0.41) | 14.8 | (0.43) | 46,260 | (963) | 57,610 | (1,050) | 60,180 | (1,281) | ||||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 23,130 | (270) | 24,850 | (715) | 22,470 | (628) | 31.5 | (1.81) | 49.2 | (1.61) | 10.0 | (0.79) | 9.2 | (0.94) | 8.7 | (0.22) | 10.3 | (0.24) | 10.9 | (0.31) | 13.9 | (0.42) | 50,670 | (635) | 63,010 | (751) | 67,530 | (1,361) | ||||||||||||||
| Black | 1,060 | (124) | 1,440 | (155) | 1,750 | (193) | 24.0 | (5.62) | 50.5 | (5.71) | 12.4 | (3.67) | 13.0 | ! | (4.43) | 8.3 | (1.04) | 7.1 | (1.08) | 11.3 | (1.12) | 14.9 | (1.23) | 54,500 | (3,925) | 55,180 | (4,311) | 59,440 | (4,833) | |||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 520 | (91) | 820 | (116) | 860 | (141) | 41.1 | (7.82) | 43.1 | (6.95) | 10.7 | ! | (5.11) | ‡ | (†) | 10.1 | (1.43) | 6.6 | (1.29) | 9.2 | (0.93) | 11.7 | (1.34) | 49,690 | (3,103) | 59,790 | (4,906) | 63,120 | (6,110) | |||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 40 | 4,790 | (302) | 4,420 | (267) | 4,360 | (392) | 53.7 | (4.95) | 36.4 | (4.27) | 4.8 | ! | (1.59) | 5.1 | (1.23) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 2.9 | (0.20) | 3.3 | (0.36) | 6.4 | (0.45) | 41,700 | (1,377) | 50,970 | (1,970) | 49,910 | (1,872) | |||||||||||||
| 40 to 44 | 4,400 | (217) | 3,040 | (250) | 3,130 | (300) | 35.4 | (6.03) | 47.0 | (5.24) | 10.6 | (2.46) | ‡ | (†) | 5.3 | (0.24) | 5.4 | (0.38) | 5.9 | (0.56) | 9.8 | (0.82) | 48,320 | (1,471) | 54,330 | (2,141) | 68,460 | (7,218) | ||||||||||||||
| 45 to 49 | 5,140 | (216) | 4,020 | (250) | 2,630 | (281) | 35.3 | (5.89) | 47.3 | (4.78) | 9.9 | (2.36) | 7.5 | ! | (2.32) | 8.3 | (0.27) | 7.6 | (0.28) | 6.6 | (0.50) | 11.7 | (1.08) | 54,910 | (1,167) | 64,330 | (1,826) | 67,620 | (3,823) | |||||||||||||
| 50 to 54 | 4,120 | (228) | 5,820 | (337) | 3,480 | (247) | 27.3 | (3.71) | 54.2 | (3.78) | 7.6 | (1.88) | 10.9 | ! | (3.33) | 9.6 | (0.34) | 10.1 | (0.35) | 9.7 | (0.59) | 14.1 | (0.75) | 59,800 | (1,583) | 65,280 | (1,952) | 69,900 | (3,718) | |||||||||||||
| 55 or over | 6,550 | (244) | 10,390 | (425) | 12,120 | (424) | 21.9 | (1.80) | 54.5 | (1.71) | 12.7 | (1.20) | 10.9 | (1.22) | 14.8 | (0.40) | 15.2 | (0.40) | 16.1 | (0.44) | 18.0 | (0.50) | 50,370 | (1,200) | 67,250 | (1,381) | 69,820 | (1,931) | ||||||||||||||
| School type | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elementary | 13,350 | (158) | 16,750 | (327) | 14,510 | (505) | 34.8 | (2.23) | 50.3 | (1.92) | 9.2 | (1.06) | 5.7 | (0.80) | 9.4 | (0.27) | 9.9 | (0.30) | 10.6 | (0.39) | 13.4 | (0.47) | 45,610 | (704) | 58,840 | (838) | 61,560 | (1,182) | ||||||||||||||
| Secondary | 2,300 | (244) | 2,510 | (364) | 2,660 | (138) | 9.1 | (2.19) | 57.1 | (4.60) | 15.4 | (2.71) | 18.3 | (4.83) | 7.8 | (0.36) | 9.3 | (0.77) | 11.0 | (0.89) | 15.4 | (1.04) | 69,240 | (1,243) | 80,960 | (3,229) | 86,430 | (7,064) | ||||||||||||||
| Combined | 6,770 | (115) | 8,430 | (281) | 8,570 | (210) | 31.5 | (2.43) | 46.6 | (2.33) | 10.0 | (1.65) | 11.9 | (1.42) | 8.0 | (0.34) | 10.3 | (0.39) | 11.2 | (0.57) | 14.2 | (0.62) | 53,310 | (1,760) | 64,230 | (1,888) | 68,150 | (2,337) | ||||||||||||||
| School locale | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| City | — | (†) | — | (†) | 8,590 | (267) | 20.9 | (2.16) | 56.7 | (2.60) | 10.1 | (1.39) | 12.3 | (2.05) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 11.0 | (0.53) | 15.0 | (0.58) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 73,790 | (2,130) | ||||||||||||||
| Suburban | — | (†) | — | (†) | 8,110 | (298) | 26.3 | (2.27) | 52.4 | (2.20) | 11.1 | (1.34) | 10.2 | (1.94) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 11.8 | (0.49) | 14.8 | (0.48) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 69,290 | (2,493) | ||||||||||||||
| Town | — | (†) | — | (†) | 2,630 | (323) | 38.2 | (5.31) | 47.6 | (5.43) | 9.5 | ! | (3.17) | 4.8 | ! | (2.19) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 10.2 | (1.00) | 14.3 | (1.01) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 45,920 | (2,334) | ||||||||||||
| Rural | — | (†) | — | (†) | 6,390 | (510) | 47.7 | (3.97) | 37.8 | (3.29) | 9.3 | (1.77) | 5.1 | (1.18) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 9.7 | (0.76) | 10.9 | (0.93) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 59,040 | (2,763) | ||||||||||||||
| —Not available. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Counts of principals in this table differ from totals appearing in some other tables because this table reflects counts of full- and part-time principals, while other counts of principals are reported as full-time equivalents. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Excludes principals reporting a salary of $0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year's work beyond the master's level. Includes certificate of advanced graduate studies. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Data include Pacific Islanders. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and survey item nonresponse. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Principal Data File" and "Private School Principal Data File," 1993-94, 2003-04, and 2011-12. (This table was prepared June 2013.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
