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| 2012 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 97. | Number, highest degree, average years of experience, and salaries of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993-94, 2003-04, and 2007-08 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected characteristic | Number of principals1 | Percentage distribution by highest degree earned, 2007-08 | Average years of experience | Average annual salary in constant 2011-12 dollars2 |
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| 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2007-08 | Bachelor's or less | Master's | Education specialist3 | Doctor's and first-professional | As a principal | Teaching experience, 2007-08 | 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2007-08 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 2007-08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Public schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 79,620 | (235) | 87,620 | (307) | 90,470 | (544) | 1.5 | (0.23) | 61.1 | (1.01) | 29.0 | (0.97) | 8.4 | (0.57) | 8.7 | (0.10) | 7.8 | (0.10) | 7.5 | (0.14) | 13.1 | (0.14) | $85,400 | (200) | $92,300 | (230) | $92,200 | (410) | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Males | 52,110 | (613) | 45,930 | (707) | 44,950 | (1,129) | 1.5 | (0.36) | 64.0 | (1.64) | 26.8 | (1.49) | 7.7 | (0.78) | 10.3 | (0.16) | 9.1 | (0.16) | 8.2 | (0.20) | 12.0 | (0.21) | 85,500 | (250) | 92,500 | (350) | 92,600 | (710) | |||||||
| Females | 27,500 | (542) | 41,690 | (708) | 45,520 | (1,129) | 1.5 | (0.34) | 58.1 | (1.29) | 31.2 | (1.42) | 9.2 | (0.73) | 5.6 | (0.12) | 6.3 | (0.13) | 6.8 | (0.19) | 14.3 | (0.21) | 85,200 | (430) | 92,200 | (410) | 91,800 | (670) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 67,080 | (540) | 72,200 | (509) | 73,160 | (1,008) | 1.5 | (0.30) | 60.4 | (1.11) | 30.2 | (1.05) | 8.0 | (0.57) | 9.0 | (0.12) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.8 | (0.17) | 13.2 | (0.17) | 84,800 | (210) | 91,800 | (270) | 91,200 | (470) | |||||||
| Black | 8,020 | (351) | 9,250 | (377) | 9,620 | (659) | ‡ | (†) | 56.3 | (3.45) | 29.6 | (3.12) | 13.4 | (1.98) | 7.1 | (0.21) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 6.2 | (0.38) | 13.0 | (0.50) | 89,800 | (710) | 94,600 | (810) | 94,400 | (1,390) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 3,270 | (258) | 4,680 | (355) | 5,870 | (540) | ‡ | (†) | 73.8 | (4.06) | 17.5 | (4.22) | 6.4 | ! | (2.03) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 6.1 | (0.43) | 6.5 | (0.62) | 12.2 | (0.71) | 86,900 | (1,240) | 97,200 | (1,670) | 99,900 | (2,850) | ||||||
| Asian | 620 | 4 | (109) | 460 | (87) | 570 | (146) | ‡ | (†) | 64.5 | (12.62) | 27.2 | ! | (13.24) | ‡ | (†) | 6.0 | 4 | (0.60) | 6.8 | (1.17) | 6.3 | (0.97) | 12.8 | (1.48) | 92,500 | 4 | (2,220) | 101,100 | (2,040) | 111,200 | (7,170) | |||
| Native Hawaiian/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pacific Islander | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
| American Indian/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alaska Native | 630 | (67) | 600 | (80) | 620 | (179) | ‡ | (†) | 69.2 | (9.56) | 21.4 | ! | (7.71) | ‡ | (†) | 12.6 | (0.67) | 6.9 | (0.63) | 6.4 | (1.30) | 13.9 | (2.80) | 79,600 | (2,700) | 75,800 | (2,600) | 82,400 | (3,540) | ||||||
| Two or more races | — | (†) | 350 | (82) | 490 | ! | (155) | ‡ | (†) | 76.6 | (11.09) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | 5.6 | (1.12) | 5.8 | (1.50) | 12.9 | (2.38) | — | (†) | 92,700 | (4,610) | 87,800 | (6,050) | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 40 | 5,940 | (273) | 12,840 | (477) | 17,290 | (785) | 2.9 | (0.76) | 65.9 | (2.39) | 25.2 | (2.18) | 6.0 | (1.11) | 2.8 | (0.13) | 2.4 | (0.10) | 2.9 | (0.14) | 7.6 | (0.14) | 72,400 | (740) | 84,200 | (670) | 85,400 | (970) | |||||||
| 40 to 44 | 14,570 | (496) | 9,540 | (449) | 13,330 | (706) | ‡ | (†) | 63.2 | (2.62) | 28.8 | (2.40) | 6.5 | (1.47) | 5.0 | (0.12) | 4.5 | (0.18) | 4.8 | (0.22) | 10.7 | (0.29) | 81,000 | (600) | 88,400 | (810) | 90,000 | (1,200) | |||||||
| 45 to 49 | 25,430 | (429) | 16,120 | (526) | 13,690 | (767) | 1.3 | ! | (0.59) | 59.4 | (2.71) | 31.6 | (2.67) | 7.7 | (1.36) | 7.1 | (0.13) | 6.1 | (0.16) | 6.1 | (0.26) | 13.0 | (0.33) | 86,300 | (410) | 89,600 | (640) | 91,200 | (1,030) | ||||||
| 50 to 54 | 18,870 | (539) | 24,170 | (669) | 17,570 | (746) | ‡ | (†) | 60.7 | (2.23) | 28.5 | (1.98) | 10.1 | (1.26) | 10.3 | (0.18) | 8.7 | (0.19) | 8.2 | (0.28) | 15.2 | (0.31) | 88,000 | (570) | 94,200 | (530) | 93,400 | (990) | |||||||
| 55 or over | 14,820 | (441) | 24,960 | (679) | 28,590 | (1,000) | 1.1 | ! | (0.46) | 58.2 | (1.81) | 30.6 | (1.91) | 10.1 | (1.02) | 15.1 | (0.35) | 11.9 | (0.23) | 11.8 | (0.29) | 16.4 | (0.37) | 90,000 | (770) | 97,900 | (580) | 97,000 | (1,000) | ||||||
| School type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elementary | 53,680 | (294) | 61,480 | (361) | 62,340 | (584) | 1.2 | (0.27) | 61.3 | (1.36) | 29.1 | (1.28) | 8.3 | (0.66) | 8.9 | (0.14) | 7.9 | (0.13) | 7.7 | (0.17) | 13.3 | (0.20) | 84,300 | (260) | 92,200 | (270) | 91,600 | (530) | |||||||
| Secondary | 18,260 | (161) | 19,700 | (272) | 21,550 | (460) | 1.3 | ! | (0.40) | 61.0 | (1.61) | 28.6 | (1.47) | 9.1 | (0.85) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.5 | (0.19) | 7.1 | (0.19) | 12.7 | (0.25) | 88,100 | (260) | 97,100 | (540) | 97,000 | (760) | ||||||
| Combined | 2,750 | (143) | 6,450 | (263) | 6,580 | (364) | 4.2 | ! | (1.71) | 58.8 | (3.38) | 29.5 | (3.00) | 7.5 | (1.47) | 7.5 | (0.29) | 7.4 | (0.36) | 7.1 | (0.43) | 13.1 | (0.51) | 82,200 | (790) | 79,100 | (750) | 81,400 | (1,330) | ||||||
| School locale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| City | — | (†) | 22,690 | (425) | 21,560 | (731) | 1.5 | (0.45) | 61.3 | (2.07) | 26.5 | (2.11) | 10.7 | (1.29) | — | (†) | 7.3 | (0.17) | 7.0 | (0.25) | 13.0 | (0.35) | — | (†) | 98,100 | (460) | 98,000 | (800) | |||||||
| Suburban | — | (†) | 25,600 | (506) | 25,880 | (921) | ‡ | (†) | 58.2 | (1.92) | 28.6 | (1.92) | 12.2 | (1.23) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.23) | 7.7 | (0.28) | 12.9 | (0.30) | — | (†) | 104,400 | (580) | 104,200 | (990) | |||||||
| Town | — | (†) | 13,700 | (424) | 13,860 | (669) | ‡ | (†) | 63.5 | (2.58) | 30.3 | (2.24) | 4.9 | (0.85) | — | (†) | 8.1 | (0.28) | 7.8 | (0.34) | 13.6 | (0.38) | — | (†) | 84,300 | (610) | 83,300 | (760) | |||||||
| Rural | — | (†) | 25,640 | (492) | 29,170 | (1,012) | 2.0 | (0.55) | 62.3 | (1.70) | 30.7 | (1.74) | 5.1 | (0.65) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.22) | 7.5 | (0.27) | 13.1 | (0.29) | — | (†) | 79,500 | (430) | 81,400 | (710) | |||||||
| Private schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 25,020 | (198) | 27,690 | (677) | 27,960 | (328) | 32.6 | (1.37) | 50.2 | (1.20) | 10.0 | (0.75) | 7.2 | (0.63) | 8.8 | (0.20) | 10.0 | (0.24) | 10.0 | (0.22) | 13.9 | (0.29) | $49,900 | (570) | $61,400 | (750) | $61,800 | (860) | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Males | 11,610 | (301) | 12,110 | (552) | 13,070 | (457) | 32.8 | (2.33) | 50.4 | (1.85) | 8.1 | (0.96) | 8.6 | (1.03) | 9.0 | (0.26) | 11.0 | (0.35) | 10.6 | (0.37) | 12.6 | (0.50) | 55,400 | (880) | 67,700 | (1,230) | 67,700 | (1,450) | |||||||
| Females | 13,410 | (283) | 15,580 | (491) | 14,890 | (369) | 32.5 | (1.82) | 49.9 | (1.68) | 11.7 | (1.23) | 5.9 | (0.75) | 8.6 | (0.27) | 9.2 | (0.28) | 9.5 | (0.26) | 15.0 | (0.37) | 45,400 | (950) | 56,600 | (1,030) | 57,000 | (1,030) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 23,130 | (270) | 24,850 | (715) | 24,400 | (409) | 31.9 | (1.47) | 51.2 | (1.20) | 9.7 | (0.68) | 7.2 | (0.66) | 8.7 | (0.22) | 10.3 | (0.24) | 10.4 | (0.25) | 14.0 | (0.32) | 49,800 | (620) | 61,900 | (740) | 63,100 | (940) | |||||||
| Black | 1,060 | (124) | 1,440 | (155) | 1,820 | (184) | 36.5 | (5.16) | 40.7 | (5.19) | 15.7 | (4.61) | 7.1 | ! | (3.29) | 8.3 | (1.04) | 7.1 | (1.08) | 7.1 | (0.90) | 12.7 | (1.37) | 53,500 | (3,850) | 54,200 | (4,230) | 53,100 | (2,310) | ||||||
| Hispanic | 520 | (91) | 820 | (116) | 1,110 | (149) | 40.4 | (6.38) | 40.5 | (6.72) | 11.2 | ! | (4.49) | ‡ | (†) | 10.1 | (1.43) | 6.6 | (1.29) | 7.8 | (0.87) | 14.0 | (1.15) | 48,800 | (3,050) | 58,700 | (4,820) | 51,800 | (3,540) | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 40 | 4,790 | (302) | 4,420 | (267) | 4,750 | (318) | 47.0 | (3.68) | 42.4 | (3.16) | 6.5 | (1.55) | 4.1 | (1.13) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 2.9 | (0.20) | 3.0 | (0.22) | 6.0 | (0.33) | 40,900 | (1,350) | 50,000 | (1,930) | 50,200 | (1,490) | |||||||
| 40 to 44 | 4,400 | (217) | 3,040 | (250) | 3,250 | (277) | 42.7 | (4.36) | 43.8 | (4.18) | 7.7 | (1.93) | 5.8 | ! | (2.01) | 5.3 | (0.24) | 5.4 | (0.38) | 5.3 | (0.35) | 9.8 | (0.65) | 47,400 | (1,440) | 53,400 | (2,100) | 58,100 | (2,880) | ||||||
| 45 to 49 | 5,140 | (216) | 4,020 | (250) | 3,420 | (246) | 39.7 | (4.20) | 47.2 | (3.52) | 7.8 | (1.80) | 5.3 | ! | (1.68) | 8.3 | (0.27) | 7.6 | (0.28) | 6.2 | (0.38) | 11.5 | (0.72) | 53,900 | (1,150) | 63,200 | (1,790) | 58,300 | (2,210) | ||||||
| 50 to 54 | 4,120 | (228) | 5,820 | (337) | 4,390 | (263) | 29.6 | (3.23) | 55.6 | (3.06) | 7.7 | (1.44) | 7.1 | (1.43) | 9.6 | (0.34) | 10.1 | (0.35) | 9.0 | (0.45) | 14.1 | (0.66) | 58,700 | (1,550) | 64,100 | (1,920) | 63,100 | (1,970) | |||||||
| 55 or over | 6,550 | (244) | 10,390 | (425) | 12,150 | (398) | 23.4 | (2.02) | 53.8 | (2.09) | 13.4 | (1.27) | 9.4 | (0.96) | 14.8 | (0.40) | 15.2 | (0.40) | 15.4 | (0.43) | 18.6 | (0.44) | 49,500 | (1,180) | 66,000 | (1,360) | 67,600 | (1,540) | |||||||
| School type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elementary | 13,350 | (158) | 16,750 | (327) | 16,110 | (297) | 32.2 | (1.81) | 52.0 | (1.64) | 10.5 | (1.17) | 5.2 | (0.70) | 9.4 | (0.27) | 9.9 | (0.30) | 9.9 | (0.30) | 14.1 | (0.37) | 44,800 | (690) | 57,800 | (820) | 59,600 | (1,040) | |||||||
| Secondary | 2,300 | (244) | 2,510 | (364) | 2,930 | (168) | 18.0 | (3.06) | 59.5 | (3.47) | 11.8 | (2.07) | 10.7 | (1.62) | 7.8 | (0.36) | 9.3 | (0.77) | 9.9 | (0.58) | 14.6 | (0.61) | 68,000 | (1,220) | 79,500 | (3,170) | 80,700 | (2,550) | |||||||
| Combined | 6,770 | (115) | 8,430 | (281) | 8,920 | (271) | 38.1 | (2.20) | 43.8 | (2.18) | 8.5 | (1.11) | 9.6 | (1.18) | 8.0 | (0.34) | 10.3 | (0.39) | 10.2 | (0.44) | 13.2 | (0.53) | 52,300 | (1,730) | 63,100 | (1,850) | 59,200 | (1,590) | |||||||
| School locale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| City | — | (†) | — | (†) | 9,610 | (268) | 23.2 | (1.90) | 55.8 | (2.11) | 12.2 | (1.46) | 8.7 | (1.17) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 10.8 | (0.38) | 14.8 | (0.43) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 69,800 | (1,390) | |||||||
| Suburban | — | (†) | — | (†) | 9,510 | (229) | 29.8 | (2.19) | 52.2 | (2.04) | 10.1 | (1.14) | 7.9 | (1.06) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 10.5 | (0.36) | 13.8 | (0.43) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 66,200 | (1,530) | |||||||
| Town | — | (†) | — | (†) | 2,780 | (205) | 30.7 | (3.76) | 49.2 | (4.10) | 13.0 | (3.67) | 7.1 | (1.96) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 9.4 | (0.80) | 16.1 | (1.22) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 47,600 | (2,310) | |||||||
| Rural | — | (†) | — | (†) | 6,060 | (296) | 52.8 | (3.49) | 38.5 | (3.22) | 5.0 | (1.04) | 3.6 | (1.03) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 8.1 | (0.53) | 11.5 | (0.72) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 46,100 | (1,760) | |||||||
| —Not available. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Counts of principals in this table differ from totals appearing in some other tables because this table reflects counts of full- and part-time principals, while other counts of principals are reported as full-time equivalents. |
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| 2 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Excludes principals reporting a salary of $0. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year's work beyond the master's level. Includes certificate of advanced graduate studies. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Data include Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and survey item nonresponse. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Principal Questionnaire" and "Private School Principal Questionnaire," 1993-94, 2003-04, and 2007-08. (This table was prepared July 2012.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
