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| Table 413. | Average eighth-grade mathematics scores overall and in content and cognitive domains, by country: 2007 |
| Country or other jurisdiction | Mathe- matics overall |
Content domain1 | Cognitive domain2 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Algebra | Geometry | Data and chance | Knowing | Applying | Reasoning | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||
| Algeria | 387 | (2.1) | 403 | (1.7) | 349 | (2.4) | 432 | (2.1) | 371 | (1.7) | 371 | (1.9) | 412 | (2.0) | — | (†) |
| Armenia | 499 | (3.5) | 492 | (3.1) | 532 | (2.5) | 493 | (4.1) | 427 | (3.9) | 507 | (3.1) | 493 | (3.8) | 489 | (3.8) |
| Australia | 496 | (3.9) | 503 | (3.7) | 471 | (3.7) | 487 | (3.6) | 525 | (3.2) | 487 | (3.3) | 500 | (3.4) | 502 | (3.3) |
| Bahrain | 398 | (1.6) | 388 | (2.0) | 403 | (1.8) | 412 | (2.1) | 418 | (2.1) | 395 | (1.7) | 403 | (1.9) | 413 | (2.1) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 456 | (2.7) | 451 | (3.0) | 475 | (3.2) | 451 | (3.5) | 437 | (2.3) | 478 | (2.9) | 440 | (2.6) | 452 | (2.9) |
| Botswana | 364 | (2.3) | 366 | (2.9) | 394 | (2.2) | 325 | (3.2) | 384 | (2.6) | 376 | (2.1) | 351 | (2.6) | — | (†) |
| Bulgaria | 464 | (5.0) | 458 | (4.7) | 476 | (5.1) | 468 | (5.0) | 440 | (4.7) | 477 | (4.7) | 458 | (4.8) | 455 | (4.7) |
| Chinese Taipei | 598 | (4.5) | 577 | (4.2) | 617 | (5.4) | 592 | (4.6) | 566 | (3.6) | 594 | (4.5) | 592 | (4.2) | 591 | (4.1) |
| Colombia | 380 | (3.6) | 369 | (3.5) | 390 | (3.1) | 371 | (3.3) | 405 | (3.8) | 364 | (3.4) | 384 | (3.7) | 416 | (3.3) |
| Cyprus | 465 | (1.6) | 464 | (1.6) | 468 | (2.0) | 458 | (2.7) | 464 | (1.6) | 468 | (1.6) | 465 | (1.8) | 461 | (2.1) |
| Czech Republic | 504 | (2.4) | 511 | (2.5) | 484 | (2.4) | 498 | (2.7) | 512 | (2.8) | 502 | (2.5) | 504 | (2.7) | 500 | (2.6) |
| Egypt | 391 | (3.6) | 393 | (3.1) | 409 | (3.3) | 406 | (3.4) | 384 | (3.1) | 392 | (3.6) | 393 | (3.6) | 396 | (3.4) |
| El Salvador | 340 | (2.8) | 355 | (3.0) | 331 | (3.7) | 318 | (3.7) | 362 | (3.0) | 336 | (3.1) | 347 | (3.3) | — | (†) |
| England3 | 513 | (4.8) | 510 | (5.0) | 492 | (4.6) | 510 | (4.4) | 547 | (5.0) | 503 | (4.0) | 514 | (4.9) | 518 | (4.3) |
| Georgia4 | 410 | (5.9) | 421 | (5.6) | 421 | (6.6) | 409 | (6.7) | 373 | (4.3) | 427 | (5.8) | 401 | (5.5) | 389 | (5.8) |
| Ghana | 309 | (4.4) | 310 | (3.9) | 358 | (3.6) | 275 | (4.9) | 321 | (3.6) | 313 | (4.6) | 297 | (4.2) | — | (†) |
| Hong Kong SAR3,5 | 572 | (5.8) | 567 | (5.6) | 565 | (5.6) | 570 | (5.5) | 549 | (4.7) | 574 | (5.4) | 569 | (5.9) | 557 | (5.6) |
| Hungary | 517 | (3.5) | 517 | (3.6) | 503 | (3.6) | 508 | (3.6) | 524 | (3.3) | 518 | (3.3) | 513 | (3.1) | 513 | (3.2) |
| Indonesia | 397 | (3.8) | 399 | (3.7) | 405 | (3.5) | 395 | (4.5) | 402 | (3.6) | 397 | (4.0) | 398 | (3.7) | 405 | (3.3) |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | 403 | (4.1) | 395 | (3.9) | 408 | (3.9) | 423 | (4.4) | 415 | (3.5) | 403 | (4.1) | 402 | (4.2) | 427 | (3.5) |
| Israel6 | 463 | (3.9) | 469 | (3.2) | 470 | (3.9) | 436 | (4.3) | 465 | (4.4) | 473 | (3.7) | 456 | (4.1) | 462 | (4.1) |
| Italy | 480 | (3.0) | 478 | (2.8) | 460 | (3.2) | 490 | (3.1) | 491 | (3.1) | 476 | (3.0) | 483 | (2.9) | 483 | (2.8) |
| Japan | 570 | (2.4) | 551 | (2.3) | 559 | (2.5) | 573 | (2.2) | 573 | (2.2) | 560 | (2.2) | 565 | (2.2) | 568 | (2.4) |
| Jordan | 427 | (4.1) | 416 | (4.3) | 448 | (4.1) | 436 | (3.9) | 425 | (3.8) | 432 | (4.2) | 422 | (4.1) | 440 | (3.6) |
| Korea, Republic of | 597 | (2.7) | 583 | (2.4) | 596 | (3.0) | 587 | (2.3) | 580 | (2.0) | 596 | (2.5) | 595 | (2.8) | 579 | (2.3) |
| Kuwait7 | 354 | (2.3) | 347 | (3.1) | 354 | (3.0) | 385 | (2.8) | 366 | (3.5) | 347 | (3.1) | 361 | (2.7) | — | (†) |
| Lebanon | 449 | (4.0) | 454 | (3.4) | 465 | (3.2) | 462 | (4.0) | 407 | (4.4) | 464 | (3.9) | 448 | (4.6) | 429 | (4.0) |
| Lithuania4 | 506 | (2.3) | 506 | (2.7) | 483 | (2.7) | 507 | (2.6) | 523 | (2.3) | 508 | (2.5) | 511 | (2.4) | 486 | (2.5) |
| Malaysia | 474 | (5.0) | 491 | (5.1) | 454 | (4.3) | 477 | (5.6) | 469 | (4.1) | 477 | (4.8) | 478 | (4.9) | 468 | (3.8) |
| Malta | 488 | (1.2) | 496 | (1.3) | 473 | (1.4) | 495 | (1.1) | 487 | (1.4) | 490 | (1.6) | 492 | (1.0) | 475 | (1.3) |
| Norway | 469 | (2.0) | 488 | (2.0) | 425 | (2.8) | 459 | (2.3) | 505 | (2.5) | 458 | (1.8) | 477 | (2.2) | 475 | (2.3) |
| Oman | 372 | (3.4) | 363 | (2.7) | 391 | (3.2) | 387 | (3.0) | 389 | (3.0) | 372 | (3.5) | 368 | (3.0) | 397 | (3.3) |
| Palestinian National Authority | 367 | (3.5) | 366 | (3.2) | 382 | (3.4) | 388 | (3.8) | 371 | (2.9) | 365 | (3.8) | 371 | (3.4) | 381 | (3.5) |
| Qatar | 307 | (1.4) | 334 | (1.6) | 312 | (1.5) | 301 | (1.8) | 305 | (1.6) | 307 | (1.4) | 305 | (1.4) | — | (†) |
| Romania | 461 | (4.1) | 457 | (3.5) | 478 | (4.6) | 466 | (4.0) | 429 | (3.7) | 470 | (4.2) | 462 | (4.0) | 449 | (4.6) |
| Russian Federation | 512 | (4.1) | 507 | (3.8) | 518 | (4.5) | 510 | (4.1) | 487 | (3.8) | 521 | (3.9) | 510 | (3.7) | 497 | (3.6) |
| Saudi Arabia | 329 | (2.9) | 309 | (3.3) | 344 | (2.8) | 359 | (2.6) | 348 | (2.2) | 308 | (2.6) | 335 | (2.3) | — | (†) |
| Scotland3 | 487 | (3.7) | 489 | (3.7) | 467 | (3.7) | 485 | (3.9) | 517 | (3.5) | 481 | (3.3) | 489 | (3.7) | 495 | (3.3) |
| Serbia4,8 | 486 | (3.3) | 478 | (2.9) | 500 | (3.2) | 486 | (3.6) | 458 | (3.0) | 500 | (3.2) | 478 | (3.3) | 474 | (3.3) |
| Singapore | 593 | (3.8) | 597 | (3.5) | 579 | (3.7) | 578 | (3.4) | 574 | (3.9) | 581 | (3.4) | 593 | (3.6) | 579 | (4.1) |
| Slovenia | 501 | (2.1) | 502 | (2.3) | 488 | (2.4) | 499 | (2.4) | 511 | (2.3) | 500 | (2.2) | 503 | (2.0) | 496 | (2.5) |
| Sweden | 491 | (2.3) | 507 | (1.8) | 456 | (2.4) | 472 | (2.5) | 526 | (3.0) | 478 | (2.0) | 497 | (2.0) | 490 | (2.6) |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 395 | (3.8) | 393 | (3.4) | 406 | (3.7) | 417 | (3.4) | 387 | (2.7) | 393 | (4.2) | 401 | (3.4) | 396 | (3.4) |
| Thailand | 441 | (5.0) | 444 | (4.8) | 433 | (5.0) | 442 | (5.3) | 453 | (4.1) | 436 | (4.8) | 446 | (4.7) | 456 | (4.4) |
| Tunisia | 420 | (2.4) | 425 | (2.6) | 423 | (2.6) | 437 | (2.6) | 411 | (2.3) | 421 | (2.6) | 423 | (2.4) | 425 | (2.3) |
| Turkey | 432 | (4.8) | 429 | (4.0) | 440 | (5.1) | 411 | (5.1) | 445 | (4.4) | 439 | (4.8) | 425 | (4.5) | 441 | (4.2) |
| Ukraine | 462 | (3.6) | 460 | (3.7) | 464 | (3.9) | 467 | (3.6) | 458 | (3.5) | 471 | (3.5) | 464 | (3.5) | 445 | (3.8) |
| United States3,8 | 508 | (2.8) | 510 | (2.7) | 501 | (2.7) | 480 | (2.5) | 531 | (2.8) | 514 | (2.6) | 503 | (2.9) | 505 | (2.4) |
| —Not available. | ||||||||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 Number includes whole numbers; fractions and decimals; integers; and ratio, proportion, and percent. Algebra includes patterns; algebraic expressions; and equations/formulas and functions. Geometry includes geometric shapes; geometric measurement; and location and movement. Data and chance includes data organization and representation; data interpretation; and chance. | ||||||||||||||||
| 2 Knowing addresses the facts, procedures, and concepts that students need to know to function mathematically. Applying focuses on students' ability to apply knowledge and conceptual understanding in order to solve problems or answer questions. Reasoning goes beyond the cognitive processes involved in solving routine problems to include unfamiliar situations, complex contexts, and multistep problems. | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 Met guidelines for sample participation rates only after substitute schools were included. | ||||||||||||||||
| 4 National Target Population does not include all of the International Target Population defined by the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). | ||||||||||||||||
| 5 Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China. | ||||||||||||||||
| 6 National Defined Population covers less than 90 percent of National Target Population (but at least 77 percent). | ||||||||||||||||
| 7 Kuwait tested the same cohort of students as other countries, but later in 2007, at the beginning of the next school year. | ||||||||||||||||
| 8 National Defined Population covers 90 to 95 percent of National Target Population. | ||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: TIMSS scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000, with the scale average fixed at 500 and the standard deviation fixed at 100. Countries were required to sample students in the grade that corresponded to the end of 8 years of formal schooling, providing that the mean age at the time of testing was at least 13.5 years. Standard errors appear in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 2007, TIMSS 2007 International Mathematics Report, by Ina V.S. Mullis et al. (This table was prepared April 2009.) |
