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Digest of Education Statistics
2002 Tables and Figures All Years of Tables and Figures Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest


Table 414. Total public direct expenditures on education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                    |                                 |    Primary and secondary        |
                    |      All institutions\1\        |       institutions              |Higher education institutions
      Country       |_________________________________|_________________________________|__________________________________
                    |1985 |1990 |1995 | 1998  |1999   |1985 |1990 |1995 |  1998 | 1999  |1985 |1990 |1995 |    1998| 1999
____________________|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|________|_______
         1          |  2  |  3  |  4  |  5    | 6     |  7  |  8  |  9  |  10   |  11   | 12  | 13  | 14  |  15    |  16
____________________|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|________|_______
Average for year ...| 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.9 |   5.3 |   5.1 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 |   3.6 |   3.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 |    1.3 |   1.2
Average for coun-   |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
  tries reporting   |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
  data for all      |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
  years ............| 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.3 |   5.5 |   5.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 |   3.7 |   3.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |    1.3 |   1.4
                    |_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|________|_______
Australia ..........| 5.4 | 4.3 | 4.5 |   4.8 |   5.0 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 |   3.5 |   3.8 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 |    1.2 |   1.2
Austria ............| 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.3 |   6.3 |   6.3 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.8 |   4.0 |   4.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 |    1.6 |   1.7
Belgium\2\ .........| 6.3 | 4.8 | 5.0 |   5.0 |   5.5 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.4 |   3.4 |   3.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 |    1.0 |   1.5
Canada .............| 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.8 |   5.7 |   5.7 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 |   3.7 |   3.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |    1.8 |   1.9
Czech Republic .....| --- | --- | 4.8 |   4.3 |   4.4 | --- | --- | 3.4 |   2.9 |   3.0 | --- | --- | 0.7 |    0.8 |   0.8
                    |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
Denmark ............| 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.5 |   8.3 |   8.1 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.2 |   4.9 |   4.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 |    2.2 |   2.4
Finland ............| 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.6 |   6.2 |   6.2 | --- | 4.3 | 4.2 |   3.8 |   3.8 | --- | 1.2 | 1.7 |    2.0 |   2.1
France .............| --- | 5.1 | 5.8 |   6.0 |   6.0 | --- | 3.7 | 4.1 |   4.2 |   4.2 | --- | 0.8 | 1.0 |    1.0 |   1.1
Germany\3\ .........| 4.6 | --- | 4.5 |   4.6 |   4.7 | 2.8 | --- | 2.9 |   3.0 |   3.0 | 1.0 | --- | 1.0 |    1.1 |   1.1
Greece .............| --- | --- | 3.7 |   3.5 |   3.6 | --- | --- | 2.8 |   2.3 |   2.4 | --- | --- | 0.8 |    1.1 |   1.1
                    |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
Hungary ............| --- | 5.0 | 4.9 |   4.6 |   4.7 | --- | 3.5 | 3.3 |   2.9 |   2.9 | --- | 0.8 | 0.8 |    0.9 |   0.9
Iceland ............| --- | 4.3 | 4.5 |   7.1 |   --- | --- | 3.3 | 3.4 |   4.3 |   --- | --- | 0.6 | 0.7 |    2.2 |   ---
Ireland ............| 5.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 |   4.5 |   4.3 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.3 |   3.3 |   3.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |    1.1 |   1.2
Italy ..............| 4.7 | 5.8 | 4.5 |   4.9 |   4.5 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 3.2 |   3.5 |   3.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 |    0.8 |   0.8
Japan ..............| --- | 3.6 | 3.6 |   3.5 |   3.5 | --- | 2.9 | 2.8 |   2.8 |   2.7 | --- | 0.4 | 0.4 |    0.4 |   0.5
                    |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
Korea, Republic of .| --- | --- | 3.6 |   4.1 |   4.1 | --- | --- | 3.0 |   3.1 |   3.2 | --- | --- | 0.3 |    0.4 |   0.6
Luxembourg .........| --- | --- | 4.3 |   --- |   --- | --- | --- | 4.2 |   --- |   --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |    --- |   ---
Mexico .............| --- | 3.2 | 4.6 |   4.2 |   4.4 | --- | 2.2 | 3.4 |   3.0 |   3.1 | --- | 0.7 | 0.8 |    0.8 |   0.8
Netherlands ........| 6.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 |   4.9 |   4.8 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.0 |   3.1 |   3.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 |    1.4 |   1.3
New Zealand ........| --- | 5.5 | 5.3 |   7.2 |   6.3 | --- | 3.9 | 3.8 |   4.9 |   4.8 | --- | 1.2 | 1.1 |    1.8 |   1.2
                    |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
Norway .............| 5.1 | 6.2 | 6.8 |   7.7 |   7.4 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 |   4.6 |   4.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.5 |    2.0 |   2.0
Poland .............| --- | --- | 5.2 |   5.4 |   5.2 | --- | --- | 3.3 |   3.5 |   3.6 | --- | --- | 0.8 |    1.2 |   0.8
Portugal ...........| --- | --- | 5.4 |   5.7 |   5.7 | --- | --- | 4.1 |   4.3 |   4.2 | --- | --- | 1.0 |    1.0 |   1.0
Russia .............| --- | --- | 3.4 |   --- |\4\3.0 | --- | --- | 1.9 |   --- |   --- | --- | --- | 0.7 |    --- |   ---
Spain ..............| 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.8 |   4.5 |   4.5 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 |   3.3 |   3.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 |    0.9 |   0.9
                    |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |       |       |     |     |     |        |
Sweden .............| --- | 5.3 | 6.6 |   8.0 |   7.7 | --- | 4.4 | 4.4 |   5.3 |   5.1 | --- | 1.0 | 1.6 |    2.1 |   2.1
Switzerland ........| 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.5 |   5.5 |   5.5 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 |   4.1 |   4.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 |    1.1 |   1.2
Turkey .............| --- | 3.2 | 2.2 |   3.0 |   4.0 | --- | 2.3 | 1.4 |   1.8 |   2.9 | --- | 0.9 | 0.8 |    0.8 |   1.1
United Kingdom .....| 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 |   4.9 |   4.7 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.8 |   3.4 |   3.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 |    1.1 |   1.1
United States ......| 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.0 |   5.1 |   5.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.5 |   3.4 |   3.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 |    1.3 |   1.4
____________________|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|_______|_______|_____|_____|_____|________|_______

---Not available.

\1\Includes preprimary and other expenditures not classified by level.
\2\Flemish Belgium data only.
\3\Data for 1985 refer to West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany before unification).
\4\Data are for 2000.

NOTE: Direct public expenditure on educational services includes both amounts spent directly by governments to hire educational personnel and to procure other resources, and amounts provided by governments to public or private institutions. Figures for 1998 include public subsidies to households attributable for educational institutions and direct expenditures from international sources, and are not directly comparable with other years. Figures for 1985 also include transfers and payments to private entities, and thus are not strictly comparable with later figures.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Education Database; Annual National Accounts, Vol. 1, 1997; and Education at a Glance, 2000 and 2002. (This table was prepared August 2002.)


2002 Tables and Figures All Years of Tables and Figures Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest